Abstract
This article presents two foreign or second language (L2) learner histories representing the extreme ends of the spectrum of learner well-being. One story reflects the very positive learning experiences of a highly strategic learner, while the other story focuses on a less strategic learner’s negative, long-lasting responses to a single traumatic episode. The theoretical framework comes from the concept of well-being in positive psychology (with significant adaptations). In addition to contrasting the two cases through the grounded theory approach, the study suggests that the adapted well-being framework is useful for understanding L2 learning experiences, even when the experiences are negative.References
Barkhuisen, G. (2011). Narrative knowledging in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 45(3), 391-444.
Barkhuisen, G., Benson, P., & Chik, A. (2014). Narrative inquiry in language teaching and learning. New York: Routledge.
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school, and community. San Francisco: Western Regional Center for Drug Free Schools and Communities, Far West Laboratory.
Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56, 836-849.
Cohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 355-366.
Comer, R. J. (2014). Abnormal psychology (8th ed.). New York: Worth.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Csikszentmihályi, M. (1998). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience (2nd ed.). New York: Harper.
Csikszentmihályi, M. (2013). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Dewaele, J-M. & MacIntyre, P. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237-274.
Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The psychology of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman.
Frederickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and- build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Frederickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions: The emerging science of positive psychology looks into why it’s good to feel good. American Scientist, 91, 330-335.
Frederickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biological Sciences), 359, 1367-1377.
Horwitz, E. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.
Horwitz, E. (2007). Words fail me: Foreign language anxiety crippling for some students/Interviewer K. Randall. University of Texas at Austin feature story. Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/features/2007/language
Horwitz, E., & Young, D. J. (Eds.). (1991). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kalaja, P., Menenzes, V., & Barcelos, A. (Eds.). (2008). Narratives of learning and teaching EFL. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Luthar, S., Sawyer, J. A., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience: Past, present, and future research. In B. M. Lester, A. S. Masten, & B. McEwen (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1094. Resilience in children (pp. 105-115). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
MacIntyre, P., & Mercer, S. (2014). Introducing positive psychology to SLA. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 153-172.
Marcos-Llinas, M., & Juan Garau, M. (2009). Effects of language anxiety on three proficiency-level courses of Spanish as a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals, 42(1), 94-111.
Maslow, A. H. (1970).Motivation and personality (Rev. ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Penguin Compass.
Mercer, S. (2011). The self as a complex dynamic system. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 57 - 82.
Norton, B. (2001). Non-participation, imagined communities, and the language classroom. In M. Breen (Ed.), Learner contributions to language learning: New directions in research (pp. 159-171). Harlow: Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2010). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity, and educational change (2nd ed.). London: Pearson/Longman.
Oxford, R. L. (1996). When emotion meets (meta)cognition in language learning histories. International Journal of Educational Research, 23(7), 581-594.
Oxford, R. L. (2011a). Meaning-making, border crossings, complexity, and new interpretive techniques: Expanding our understanding of learner narratives. Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Journal of Foreign Language Research), 22(2), 221-241.
Oxford, R. L. (2011b). Teaching and researching language learning strategies. Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman.
Rebecca L. Oxford
Oxford, R. L. (2013). Understanding language learner narratives. In J. Arnold & T. Murphey (Eds.), Meaningful action: Earl Stevick’s influence on language teaching (pp. 95-110). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R. L. (2014). Language learners change their minds: Strategies to overcome language anxiety. Manuscript in preparation.
Oxford, R. L., & Cuéllar, L. (2014). Positive psychology in cross-cultural narratives: Mexican students discover themselves while learning Chinese. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4, 173-203.
Oxford, R. L., Massey, K. R., & Anand, S. (2005). Transforming teacher-student style relationships: Toward a more welcoming and diverse classroom discourse. In C. Holten & J. Frodesen (Eds.), The power of discourse in language learning and teaching (pp. 249-266). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Oxford, R. L., Meng, Y., Zhou, Y., Sung, J., & Jain, R. (2007). Uses of adversity: Moving beyond L2 learning crises. In A. Barfield & S. Brown (Eds.), Reconstructing autonomy in language education: Inquiry and innovation (pp. 131-142). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pavlenko, A. (2006). Bilingual selves. In A. Pavlenko (Ed.), Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression and representation (pp. 1-33). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Pavlenko, A., & Blackledge, A. (2004). Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Pavlenko, A., & Lantolf, J. (2000). Second language learning as participation and the (re)construction of selves. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp. 155-177). New York: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C. (2006).A primer in positive psychology.New York: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C., Seligman, M. E. P., & Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 23-27.
Piaget, J. (1981). Intelligence and affectivity: Their relationship during child development. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Vintage.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Atria/Simon & Schuster.
Silo [Rodríguez Cobos, M. L.]. (2006). Apuntes de psicología [Psychology notes]. Mendoza, Argentina: Universal Humanism. Retrieved from http://www.silo.net/collected_works/psychology_notes and from http://www.silo.net/system/documents/89/original/Apuntes_en.pdf
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Truebridge, S. (2014). Resilience begins with beliefs: Building on student strengths for success in school. New York: Teachers College Press.
Ushioda, E. (2008). Motivation and good language learners. In C. Griffiths (Ed.), Lessons from good language learners (pp. 19-34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of emergent motivation and identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity, and the L2 self (pp. 215-228). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Vaillant, G. E. (2000). Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55(1), 89-98.
VIA Institute of Character. (2014). VIA classification of character strengths. Retrieved from http://www.viacharacter.org/www/Character-Strengths/VIAClassification
Zajonc, A. (2009). Meditation as contemplative inquiry: When knowing becomes love. Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.