Abstract
This article discusses the assessment of pronunciation instruction under a new approach to pronunciation teaching centered on the role of connected speech in the prosodic system of English. It also offers a detailed discussion of various empirical problems in teaching-oriented L2 pronunciation research and suggests ways of addressing them in intervention studies. A new explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was developed for this study, which was used to assess 10 advanced EFL learners in Germany before and after 13 weeks of instruction. The results revealed co-occurring developments in learners’ use of prosody and connected speech in line with the rationale of the approach. The findings lead to various implications for language teaching and assessment. For future research, ways are suggested to increase the validity and predictiveness of L2 pronunciation research from both empirical and pedagogical perspectives.
References
Anderson-Hsieh, J., Johnson, R., & Koehler, K. (1992). The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. Language Learning, 42, 529-555.
Bongaerts, T., van Summeren, C., Planken, B., & Schills, E. (1997). Age and ultimate attainment in the pronunciation of a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 447-465.
Brown, J. D. (2013). New ways in teaching connected speech. Alexandria: TESOL.
Brown, J. D. (in press b). Mixed methods research for TESOL dissertations and practice. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
Brown, J. D., & Kondo-Brown, K. (Eds.). (2006a). Perspectives on teaching connected speech to second language speakers. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Brown, J. D., & Kondo-Brown, K. (2006b). Testing reduced forms. In J. D. Brown & K. Kondo-Brown (Eds.), Perspectives on teaching connected speech to second language speakers(pp. 247-265). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (3rd ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.
Cauldwell, R. (2013). Phonology for listening: Teaching the stream of speech. Birmingham: SpeechinAction.
Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin J. M. (2011). Teaching pronunciation: A course book and reference guide (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chela-Flores, B. (1997). Rhythmic patterns as basic units in pronunciation teaching. ONOMAZEIN, 2, 111-134.
Chun, D. M. (2002). Discourse intonation in L2: From theory and research to practice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Couper, G. (2003). The value of an explicit pronunciation syllabus in ESOL teaching. Prospect, 18, 53-70.
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (2007). Situated phonologies: Patterns of phonology in discourse contexts. In M. C. Pennington (Ed.), Phonology in context (pp. 186- 218). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, L. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixedmethods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Davies, A. (2007). An introduction to applied linguistics: From practice to theory (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
de Graaf, R., & Housen, A. (2009). Investigating the effects and effectiveness of L2 instruction. In M. H. Long & C. J. Doughty (Eds.), The handbook of language teaching (pp. 726-755). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
DeKeyser, R. (2003). Implicit and explicit learning. In C. J. Doughty & M. H. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition. (pp. 313-348). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2005). Second language accent and pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 39, 379-397.
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. E. (1998). Evidence in favor of a broad framework for pronunciation instruction. Language Learning, 48, 393-410.
Derwing, T. M., & Rossiter, M. J. (2003). The effects of pronunciation Instruction on the acquisition, fluency, and complexity of L2 accented speech. Applied Language Learning, 13, 1-17.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007).Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (2013). Principles of instructed second language learning. In M. CelceMurcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (pp. 31-46). Boston: Heinle Cengage Learning.
Euler (2014a). Implementing a connected speech-based approach to pronunciation teaching. In T. Pattison (Ed.), IATEFL 2013 Liverpool conference selections (pp. 104-106). Canterbury: IATEFL.
Euler (2014b). Approaches to pronunciation teaching: History and recent developments. In J. Szpyra-Kozłowska, E. Guz, P. Steinbrich, & R. Święciński (Eds.), Recent developments in applied phonetics (pp. 35-78). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Euler (2014c). From communicative to task-based pronunciation teaching: Utilizing the power of rhythm and connected speech. Speak Out! 51, 5-15.
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. R. A. (1995). Factors affecting the strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3125-3134.
Gilbert, J. B. (2010). Pronunciation as orphan: What can be done? Speak Out! 43, 3-7.
Gilbert, J. B. (2012). Clear speech. Pronunciation and listening comprehension in North American English (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grant, L. (2014). Prologue to the myths: What teachers need to know. In L. Grant (Ed.), Pronunciation myths: Applying second language research to classroom teaching (pp. 1-33). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003). Teaching language: From grammar to grammaring. Boston: Heinle.
Lewis, M. (1993).The lexical approach: The state of ELT and a way forward. Boston: Thomson Heinle.
Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the lexical approach. Boston: Thomson Heinle.
Long, M. H., & Robinson, P. (1998). Focus on form: Theory, research and practice. In C. J. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition (pp. 15-41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Munro, M. J. (2008). Foreign accent and speech intelligibility. In J. G. Hansen Edwards & M. L. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and second language acquisition (pp. 193-219). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Nunan, D. (2004). Task-based language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Piske, T., Flege J. E., MacKay, I. R. A., & Meador, D. (2011). Investigating native and non-native vowels produced in conversational speech. In M. Wrembel, M. Kul, & K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (Eds.), Achievements and perspectives in the acquisition of second language speech: New sounds 2010: Vol.2 (pp. 195-205). Bern: Peter Lang.
Post, B., & Nolan, F. (2011). Data collection for prosodic analysis of continuous speech and dialectal variation. In A. C. Cohn, C. Fougeron, & M. Huffman (Eds.),The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology(pp. 538-547). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pritchard, A., & Woollard, J. (2010). Psychology for the classroom: Constructivism and social learning. Oxon: Routledge.
Ricard, E. (1986). Beyond fossilization: A course on strategies and techniques in pronunciation for advanced adult learners. TESL Canada Journal,s1, 243-253.
Strange, W., & Shafer, V. L. (2008). Speech perception in second language learners: The reeducation of selective perception. In J. G. Hansen Edwards & M. L. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and second language acquisition (pp. 159-193). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Spada, N. (2011). Beyond form-focused instruction: Reflections on past, present and future research. Language Teaching, 44, 225-236.
Szczepek-Reed, B. (2011). Analyzing conversation: An introduction to prosody. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Warner, N. (2011). Methods for studying spontaneous speech. In A. C. Cohn, C. Fougeron, & M. Huffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology (pp. 621-633). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Watkins, M. A, Rauber, A. S., & Baptista, B. O. (Eds.). (2009). Recent research in second language phonetics/phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars.
Widdowson, H. G. (1984). Explorations in applied linguistics 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (2000). On the limitations of linguistics applied. Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 3-25.
Zampini, M. L. (2008). L2 speech production research: Findings, issues, and advances. In J. G. Hansen Edwards & M. L. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and second language acquisition (pp. 219-251). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.