Keywords
heritage language
te reo Māori
indigenous language revitalization
How to Cite
Number of views: 759
Number of downloads: 583
Abstract
Motivations of Māori heritage language learners are explored within this qualitative study. Te reo Māori (the Māori language) is currently classed as endangered (Reedy et al., 2011), which calls for the exploration of the motivational experiences of Māori heritage language learners. A total of 19 interviews with beginner, intermediate and advanced level learners were conducted. Results demonstrated how Māori heritage learners were motivated to learn due to their cultural heritage connection to the language and to other ingroup members. This study explores some of the motivations why Māori heritage language learners learn te reo Māori. For this group of indigenous language learners, cultural and language revitalisation are tied to language motivation. Furthermore, the ability to participate in cultural practices was central to language motivations.References
Benet-Martinez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1015 - 1050.
Benet-Martinez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 33, 492 - 516. doi: 10.1177/0022022102033005005
Borell, B. A. E., Gregory, A. S., McCreanor, T. N., Jensen, V. G. L., & Barnes, H. E. Moewaka. (2009). “It's hard at the top but it's a whole lot easier than being at the bottom”: The role of privilege in understanding disparities in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 3(1), 29-50.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brewer, M. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482. doi: 10.11770/0146167291175001
Chrisp, S. (2005). Māori intergenerational language transmission. International Journal of Sociology of Language, (172), 149-181.
Department of Corrections. (2007). Over-representation of Māori in the criminal justice system: An exploratory report. Wellington.
Durie, M. (2001). Mauri ora: They dynamics of Māori health. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Edge, K., Nikora, L., & Rua, M. (2011). Different coloured tears: Dual cultural identity and tangihanga. MAI Review, 1, 1-16.
Education Counts. (2011). Highest attainment numbers by ethnic group (2009-2010). Wellington: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/schooling/school_leavers2/highest-attainment-numbers-2009
Fishman, J. (2001). 300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States. In J. Peyton, D. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 81-97). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems.
Fishman, J. (Ed.). (1996). What do you lose when you lose your language? Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University.
Fishman, J. (1989). Language and ethnicity in minority sociolinguistic perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Gloyne, P. (2014). Te Panekiretanga o te Reo. In R. Higgins, P. Rewi, & V. OlsenReeder (Eds.), The value of the Māori language: Te hua o te reo Māori (pp. 305-318). Wellington: Huia.
Harmon, D., & Loh, J. (2010). The index of linguistic diversity: A new quantitative measure of trends in the status of the world's languages. Index of Linguistic Diversity, 4, 97-151.
Hong, Y., Benet-Martinez, V., Chiu, C., & Morris, M. W. (2003). Boundaries of cultural influence: Construct activation as a mechanism for cultural differences in social perception. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 34(4), 453-464.
Jackson, B., & Fischer, R. (2007). Biculturalism in employee selection or 'who should get the job'? Perceptions of Māori and Pākehā job applicants in a NZ European student sample. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 100-108.
Jackson, M. (1998). Research and the colonisation of Māori knowledge. Paper presented at the Te Oru Rangahau: Māori Research and Development Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Kaikaranga. (n.d.). In Māori dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/searchidiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&kewords=Kaikaranga
Kaiwhaikōrero. (n.d.). In Māori dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/searchidiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=Kaiwhaik%C5%8Drero
Kalafatelis, R. (2010). Engagement with the Māori Language Benchmark Survey 2009 [Report]. Wellington: Research New Zealand.
Kāretu, T. (1993). Tōku reo, tōku mana. In W. Ihimaera (Ed.), Te ao mārama: Regaining aotearoa Māori writers speak out: Vol. 2 (pp. 222-239). Auckland: Reed.
Kāretu, T. S. (2008, September). Ka piroku te hatete, kua aha? Paper presented at the Ngā Kete a Rēhua: Inaugural Māori Research Symposium, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
King, J. M. (2007). Eke ki runga i te waka: The use of dominant metaphors by newly-fluent Māori speakers in historical perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Kingi, T. K. R. (2005, November). Māori health, Māori research, and Māori mental health outcomes. Paper presented at the Hui Whakapiripiri, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Krauss, M. (1992). The world's languages in crisis. Language, 68(1), 4-10. Māramatanga. (n.d.). In Māori dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/searchidiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=M%C4%81ramatanga
McIntosh, T. (2005). Māori identities: Fixed, fluid, forced. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities departures and destinations (pp. 38-51). Wellington: Victoria University Press.
Memmi, A. (1965). The colonizer and the colonized. London: Beacon.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291-310.
Noels, K. A. (2001). New orientations in language learning motivation: Towards a model of intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations and motivation. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivations and second language acquisition (pp. 43-68). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). Why are you learning a second language? Motivation orientations and self determination theory. Language Learning Journal, 53(1), 33-64.
Norton, B. (1997). Language, identity, and the ownership of English. Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 31(3), 409-429.
Norton, B., & Toohey, K. (2001). Changing perspectives on good language learners. Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 35(2), 307-322.
Orange, C. (2004). An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Bridget Williams.
O'Regan, H. (2014). Kia matike, kia mataara: Te huanui o kotahi mano kāika. In R. Higgins, P. Rewi. & V. Olsen-Reeder (Eds.), The value of the Māori language: Te hua o te reo Māori (pp. 109-122). Wellington: Huia.
Padilla, A., & Borsato, F. (2010). Psychology. In J. Fishman & O. Garcia (Eds.), Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 5-17). New York: Oxford University Press. Pao. (n.d.). In Māori dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/searchidiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=pao
Penetito, W. T. (2011, May). Kaupapa Māori education: Research as the exposed edge. Paper presented at the Kei Tua o te Pae Hui Proceedings: The Challenges of Kaupapa Māori Research in the 21st Century, Welligton, New Zealand.
Phinney, J. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34-49.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 271-320.
Reedy, T., Dewes, C., Maxwell, T. K., O'Regan, H., Papa, P., Shortland, R., & Waho, T. (2011). Te Reo Mauriora: Te Arotakenga o te rārangi reo Māori me te rautaki reo Māori - Review of the Māori language sector and the Māori langauge strategy. Wellington.
Robson, B., & Purdie, G. (2007). Mortality. In B. Robson & R. Harris (Eds), Hauora: Māori Standards of Health IV. A study of the years 2000-2005 (pp. 33-61). Wellington: Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare.
Schmidt, R., & Watanabe, Y. (2001). Motivation, strategy use, and pedagogical preferences in foreign language learning. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 313-360). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Simons, G. F., & Lewis, M. P. (2011, October). The world's language in crisis: A 20 year update. Paper presented at the 26th Linguistics Symposium: Language Death, Endangerment, Documentation, and Revitalization, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
Smith, L. T. (1989). Te reo Māori: Māori language and the struggle to survive. ACCESS, 8, 3-9.
Statistics New Zealand. (2013). 2013 quickstats about Māori: 2013 census. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
Statistics New Zealand. (2014a). Speakers of te reo Māori. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/snapshots-of-nz/nz-progress-indicators/Home/Social/speakers-of-te-reo-maori.aspx
Statistics New Zealand. (2014b). Te kupenga 2013. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/maori/TeKupenga_HOTP13/Commentary.aspx#use
Syed, Z. (2001). Notions of self in foreign language learning: A qualitative analysis. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 127-148). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup behavior: Vol.2. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). Idenity negotiation theory: Cross cultural boundaries. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication. Thousand Oakes: Sage.
Valdes, G. (2005). Bilingualism, heritage language learners, and SLA research: Opportunities lost or seized? The Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 410-426.
Vedder, P., & Virta, E. (2005). Language, ethnic identity, and the adaption of Turkish immigrant youth in the Netherlands and Sweden. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 317-337. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.006
Wa Thiong'o, N. (1986). Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. Oxford: James Currey.
Waitangi Tribunal. (1986). Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Te Reo Māori claim (WAI 11). Wellington: The New Zealand Government.
Waldon, J. (2004). Oranga Kaumātua: Perceptions of health in older Māori people. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, (23), 167-180.
Wiley, T. G. (2001). On defining heritage languages and their speakers. In J. Peyton, D. Ranard, & S. McGinnins (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 29-36). Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems.
Yensen, H. K., & McCreanor, M. (1989). Honouring the treaty: An introduction for Pākehā to the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland: Penguin.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.