Keywords
grammaticalization
cognitive maps
verbal semantics
complexity
optimization
How to Cite
Number of views: 489
Number of downloads: 406
Abstract
The present paper demonstrates that insights from the affordances perspective can contribute to developing a more comprehensive model of grammaticalization. The authors argue that the grammaticalization process is afforded differently depending on the values of three contributing parameters: the factor (schematized as a qualitative-quantitative map or a wave of a gram), environment (understood as the structure of the stream along which the gram travels), and actor (narrowed to certain cognitive-epistemological capacities of the users, in particular to the fact of being a native speaker). By relating grammaticalization to these three parameters and by connecting it to the theory of optimization, the proposed model offers a better approximation to realistic cases of grammaticalization: The actor and environment are overtly incorporated into the model and divergences from canonical grammaticalization paths are both tolerated and explicable.References
Andersen, D. (2000). The evolution of the Hebrew verbal system. Zeitschrift fur Althebraistik, 13, 1-66.
Andrason, A. (2008). The BÚNA construction in Pidgin Icelandic. Íslenskt mál, 30, 121-140.
Andrason, A. (2011a). The Biblical Hebrew Wayyiqtol – a dynamic definition. Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 11/7, 1-50.
Andrason, A. (2011b). Semantics of the ta construction in Basse Mandinka. Linguistica Copernicana, 6, 221-244.
Andrason, A. (2012). The meaning of the NAATA + infinitive construction in Basse Mandinka. Lingua Posnaniensis, 40, 7-19.
Andrason, A. (2013a). El sistema verbal hebreo en su contexto semítico: Una visión dinámica. Estella: Verbo Divino.
Andrason, A. (2013b). Mapping the meaning of the be riŋ formation in Basse Mandinka. Journal of West African Languages, 40, 101-133.
Andrason, A. (2014). Language complexity – an insight from complex system theory. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2, 74-89.
Andrason, A. (2015). A complex system of complex predicates: Tense, taxis, aspect and mood in Basse Mandinka from a grammaticalization and cognitive perspective. (Doctoral dissertation in preparation). University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Andrason, A. (in press). The complexity of verbal semantics – an intricate relationship between qatal and wayyiqtol. Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 15.
Andrason, A., & Van der Merwe, C. H. J. (in press). The semantic potential of verbal conjugations as a polysemous set of senses. Hebrew Studies.
Ariel, M. (2008). Pragmatics and grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aronin, L., & Jessner, U. (2015). Methodology in bi- and multilingual studies. From simplification to complexity. AILA Review, 27, 56-79.
Aronin, L., & Singleton, D. (2008). The complexity of multilingual contact and language use in times of globalization. Conversarii. Studi Linguistici, 2, 33-47.
Aronin, L., & Singleton, D. (2010). Affordances and the diversity of multilingualism. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 205, 105-129.
Aronin, L., & Singleton, D. (2012). Affordances theory in multilingualism studies. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2, 311-331.
Bybee, J. (2010). Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. (1994). The evolution of grammar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cilliers, P. (1998). Complexity and postmodernism: Understanding complex systems. London: Routledge.
Cohen, M. (1924). Le système verbal Sémitique et l’expression du temps. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cook, J. (2012). Time and Biblical Hebrew verb. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Creissels, D. (1983). Eléments de grammaire de la langue mandinka. Grenoble: ELLUG.
Creissels, D., & Sambou, R. (2013). Le mandinka: Phonologie, grammaire, textes. Paris: Karthala.
Culicover, P., & Nowak, A. (2003). Dynamical grammar. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Ö. (Ed.) (2000). Tense and aspect in the languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Dahl, Ö. (2011). Grammaticalization and linguistic complexity. In H. Narrog & B. Heine (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization (pp. 153-162). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Haan, F. (2011). Typology of Tense, Aspect, and Modality Systems. In J. J. Song (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic typology (pp. 445-464). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Depraetere, I., & Reed, S. (2000). The present perfect progressive: Constraints on its use with numerical object Nps. English Language and Linguistics, 4, 97-114.
Dewaele, J. M. (2010). Multilingualism and affordances: Variation in self-perceived communicative competence and communicative anxiety in French L1, L2, L3 and L4. IRAL, 48, 105-129.
Ellis, N. C., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (Eds.). (2009). Language as a complex adaptive system. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Emlen, J. M. (1966). The role of time and energy in food preference. The American Naturalist, 100, 611-617.
Friðjónsson, J. (1989). Samsettar myndir sagna. Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands: Reykjavík.
Gamble, D. (1987). Elementary Mandinka. San Francisco: Gamble.
Geeraerts, D. (1988). Where does prototypicality come from? In B. Rudzka-Ostyn (Ed.), Topics in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 207-229). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gibson, J. J. (1977). The theory of affordances. In R. E. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing (pp. 67-82). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1979)
Gilquin, G. (2006). The place of prototypicality in corpus linguistics. In S. Gries & A. Stefanowitsch (Eds.), Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 159-191). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gries, S., & Stefanowitsch, A. (Eds.). (2006). Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, M. (2003). The geometry of grammatical meaning semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison. In M. Tomasello (Ed.), The new psychology of language (pp. 211-242). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hawkins, J. A. (2004). Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heine, B., Claudi, U., & Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hopper, P., & Traugott, E. (2003). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jónsson, J. G. (1992). The two perfects of Icelandic. Íslenskt mál, 14, 129-145.
Kastenholz, R. (1996). Sprachgeschichte im West-Mande: Methoden und Rekonstruktionen. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
Kuryłowicz, J. (1972). Studies in Semitic grammar and metric. Wrocław: Zakład Ossolińskich PAN.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18, 141-165.
Lightfoot, D. (1999). The development of language: Acquisition, change, and evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lindstedt, J. (2000). The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential. In Ö. Dalh (Ed.), Tense and aspect in the languages of Europe (pp. 365-383). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
MacArthur, R. H., & Pianka, E. R. (1966). On optimal use of a patchy environment. The American Naturalist, 100, 603-609.
McCawley, J. D. (1971). Tense and time reference in English. In C. Fillmore & T. Langendoen (Eds.), Studies in linguistic semantics (pp. 96-113). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Massip-Bonet, A. (2013). Languages as a complex adaptive systems: Towards an integrative linguistics. In A. Massip-Bonet & A. Bastardas-Boada (Eds.), Complexity perspectives on language, communication and society (pp. 35-60). Heidelberg: Springer.
Mufwene, S. (2013). The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective. In A. Massip-Bonet & A. Bastardas-Boada (Eds.), Complexity perspectives on language, communication and society (pp. 197-218). Heidelberg: Springer.
Munné, F. (2013). The fuzzy complexity of language. In A. Massip-Bonet & A. Bastardas-Boada (Eds.), Complexity perspectives on language, communication and society (pp. 175-196). Heidelberg: Springer.
Narrog, H., & Heine, B. (Eds.). (2011). The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Narrog, H., & Van der Auwera, J. (2011). Grammaticalization and semantic maps. In H. Narrog & B. Heine (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization (pp. 318-327). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nedjalkov, V. (2001). Resultative constructions. In M. Haspelmath, et al. (Eds.), Language typology and language universals: An international handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 928-940). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Nurse, D. (2008). Tense and aspect in Bantu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2009). Language awareness in using cognate vocabulary: The case of Polish advanced students of English in the light of the theory of affordances. In J. Arabski & A. Wojtaszek (Eds.), Neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on SLA (pp. 175-190). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2011). Awareness and affordances: Multilinguals versus bilinguals and their perceptions of cognates. In G. De Angelis & J.M. Dewaele (Eds.), New trends in crosslinguistic influence and multilingualism research (pp. 1-18). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Schoener, T. W. (1971). Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2, 369-404.
Singleton D., & Aronin, L. (2007). Multiple language learning in the light of the theory of affordances. Innovation in Language Teaching and Learning, 1, 83-96.
Smith, P. (1998). Explaining chaos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stubb, M. (2004, May). On very frequent phrases in English: Distributions, functions and structures. Paper presented at the 25th Conference of the International Computer Archive for Modern and Medieval English, Verona, Italy.
Van der Auwera, J., & Gast, V. (2011). Categories and prototypes. In J. J. Song (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of typology (pp. 166-189). Oxford: Blackwell.
Van Lier, L. (2000). From input to affordance: Social-interactive learning from an ecological perspective. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp. 155-177). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Lier, L. (2007). Action-based teaching, autonomy and identity. Innovation in Language Teaching and Learning, 1, 46-65.
Vydrine, V., Bergman, T., & Benjamin, M. (2000). Mandé language family of West Africa: Location and genetic classification (SIL Electronic Survey Report). Dallas: SIL International.
Watts, J. (1951). A survey of syntax in Hebrew Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Williamson, K., & R. Blench (2000). Niger-Congo. In B. Heine & D. Nurse (Eds.), African languages (pp. 11-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zwarts, J. (2010). Semantic map geometry: Two approaches. Linguistic Discovery,
, 377-395.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.