Keywords
variations
longitudinal perspective
non-linearity
How to Cite
Number of views: 471
Number of downloads: 343
Abstract
Drawing on the findings of longitudinal studies in uninstructed contexts over the last two decades, this synthesis explores variations in developmental patterns across second language (L2) pragmatic features. Two synthesis questions were addressed: (a) What are the variations in developmental patterns across pragmatic features?, and (b) What are the potential explanations for the variations? In response to the first question, previous studies showed that L2 pragmatic development is a non-linear, dynamic process, with developmental paces varying across pragmatic features (Ortactepe, 2013; Taguchi, 2010, 2011, 2012; Warga & Scholmberger, 2007). These studies revealed that some aspects of pragmatic features (e.g., semantic strategies of speech acts) develop faster than others (e.g., lexical features such as mitigators). In response to the second question, three potential explanations were identified to account for the developmental variations: (a) language-related, (b) situation-dependent, and (c) learner-related explanations, with three subcategories for the language-related explanation: (a) the functions of pragmatic features, (b) the frequency of availability of target features, and (c) the similarity and difference between languages with respect to the target feature.References
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1999). Exploring the interlanguage of interlanguage pragmatics: A research agenda for acquisitional pragmatics. Language Learning, 49, 667-713.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2000). Pragmatics and second language acquisition. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), Oxford handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 182–192). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2012). Pragmatic variation and conventional expressions. In J. C. Félix-Brasdefer & D. Koike (Eds.), Pragmatic variation in first and second language contexts: Methodological issues (pp. 141-173). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2013). Developing L2 pragmatics. Language Learning, 63, 68-86.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Hartford, B. (1993). Learning the rules of academic talk: A longitudinal study of pragmatic change. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 279-304.
Bardovi-Harlig K., & Salsbury, T. (2004). The organization of turns in the disagreements of L2 learners: A longitudinal perspective. In D. Boxer & A. D. Cohen (Eds.), Studying speaking to inform second language learning (pp. 199-227). Clevedon: Multilingual Matter.
Barron, A. (2000). Acquiring ‘different strokes’: A longitudinal study of the development of L2 pragmatic competence. German as a Foreign Language, 2, 1-30.
Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics: How to do things with words in a study abroad context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Barron, A. (2006). Learning to say ‘no’ in German: The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. In M. DuFon & E. Churchill (Ed.), Language learners in study abroad contexts (pp. 59-82). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bataller, R. (2010). Making a request for a service in Spanish: Pragmatic development in the study abroad setting. Foreign Language Annuals, 43, 160-175.
Bouton, L. (1992). The interpretation of implicature in English NNS: Does it come automatically without being explicitly taught? Pragmatics and Language Learning Monograph Series, 5, 64-87.
Bouton, L. (1994). Can NNS skill in interpreting implicature in American English be improved through explicit instruction?: A pilot study. Pragmatics and Language Learning Monograph Series, 5, 88-108.
Brown, P., & Levinson C. S. (1983). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, A. D., & Shively, R. L. (2007). Acquisition of requests and apologies in Spanish and French: Impact of study abroad and strategy-building intervention. Modern Language Journal, 91, 189-212.
de Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10, 7-21.
de Bot, K., Lowie, W., Thorne, S., & Verspoor, M. (2013). Dynamic systems theory as a comprehensive theory of second language development. In M. Mayo, M. Gutierrez-Mangado, & M. Adrián (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to second language acquisition (pp. 199-220). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dings, A. (2014). Interactional competence and the development of alignment activity. Modern Language Journal, 98, 742-756.
DuFon, M. A. (1999). The acquisition of linguistic politeness in Indonesian as a second language by sojourners in naturalistic interactions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA.
Erman, B. (2001). Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk. Journal of Pragmatics, 33, 1337-1359.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C., & Hasler-Barker, M. (2014). Complimenting in Spanish in a short-term study abroad context. System, 48, 1-11.
Hassall, T. (2013). Pragmatic development during short-term study abroad: The case of address terms in Indonesian. Journal of Pragmatics, 55, 1-17.
Hauser, E. (2013). Stability and Change in One Adult’s Second Language English Negation. Language Learning, 63, 463-498.
Jucker, H., & Smith, W., (1998). “And people just you know like ‘wow’”: Discourse markers as negotiating strategies. In H. Jucker & Z. Yael (Eds.), Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory (pp. 171–201). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kasper, G., & Rose, K. (2002). Pragmatic development in a second language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kasper, G., & Schmidt, R. (1996). Developmental issues in interlanguage pragmatics. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 149-169.
Khorshidi, H. (2013). Request strategy development in Iranian study abroaders. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 2, 129-142.
Kinginger, C., & Farrell, K. (2004). Assessing development of metapragmatic awareness in study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 19-42.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008). Complex systems and applied linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lee, Y., & Hellermann, J. (2015). Tracing developmental changes through conversation analysis: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 48, 763-788.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Harlow: Longman.
Li, S. (2014). The effects of different levels of linguistic proficiency on the development of L2 Chinese request production during study abroad. System, 45, 103-116.
Matusumura, S. (2001). Learning the rules for offering advice: A quantitative approach to second language socialization. Language Learning, 51, 635-679.
Müller, S. (2005). Discourse markers in native and non-native English discourse. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Norris, J., & Ortega, L. (2006). Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Olshtain, E. (1989). “Apologies across Languages.” In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics (pp. 155-173). Norwood, NJ: Albex.
Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociopragmatics and language acquisition (pp. 18-36). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Ortactepe, D. (2013). Formulaic language and conceptual socialization: The route to becoming nativelike in L2. System, 41, 852-865.
Ortega, L., & Bynes, H. (2008). Longitudinal studies and advanced L2 capacities. New York: Routledge.
Ortega, L., & Iberri-Sea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in SLA: Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 26-45.
Polat, B. (2011). Investigating acquisition of discourse markers through a developmental learner corpus. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3745-3756.
Ren, W. (2012). Pragmatic development in Chinese speakers’ L2 English refusals. EUROSLA Yearbook, 12, 63-87.
Sawyer, M. (1992). The development of pragmatics in Japanese as a second language: The sentence-final particle ne. In G. Kasper (Ed.), Pragmatics of Japanese as a native and foreign language (pp. 83-135). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Schauer, G. (2004). May you speaker louder maybe? Interlanguage pragmatic development in requests. EUROSLA Yearbook, 4, 263-273.
Schauer, G. (2009). Interlanguage pragmatic development: The study abroad context. London: Continumm.
Shively, R. L. (2011). L2 pragmatic development in study abroad: A longitudinal study of Spanish service encounters. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 1818-1835.
Shively, R. L. (2013). Learning to be funny in Spanish during study abroad: L2 humor development. Modern Language Journal, 97, 930-946.
Siegal, M. (1995). Individual differences and study abroad: Women learning Japanese in Japan. In B. F. Freed (Ed.), Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp. 225-244). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Taguchi, N. (2007). Development of speed and accuracy in pragmatic comprehension in English as a foreign language. TESOL Quarterly, 42, 313-338.
Taguchi, N. (2008a). The role of learning environment in the development of pragmatic comprehension: A comparison of gains between EFL and ESL learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30, 423-452.
Taguchi, N. (2008b). Cognition, language contact, and development of pragmatic comprehension in a study-abroad context. Language Learning, 58, 33-71.
Taguchi, N. (2010). Longitudinal studies in interlanguage pragmatics. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Handbook of pragmatics vol.7: Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp.333-361). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Taguchi, N. (2011). Pragmatic development as a complex, dynamic process: General patterns and case histories. Modern Language Journal, 95, 605-623.
Taguchi, N. (2012). Context, individual differences and pragmatic competence. England: Multilingual Matters.
Taguchi, N., Li, S., & Xiao F. (2013). Production of formulaic expressions in L2 Chinese: A developmental investigation in a study abroad context. Chinese as a Second Language Research Journal, 2, 23-58.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4, 91-109.
Warga, M., & Scholmberger, U. (2007). The acquisition of French apologetic behavior in study abroad context. Intercultural Pragmatics, 4, 221-261.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.