Keywords
Byzantium
Kekaumenos
Wallachian law
Thessaly
How to Cite
Abstract
After the conquest of Basil II the Balkan Vlachs communities were under Byzantine rule. The provincial aristocrat Kekaumenos described in his "Book of Advice" the Vlachs of Thessaly, who raised a short-lived rebellion against the Emperor in 1066. The reason for the riots were the attempts to raise taxes and the form of their collection which was met with the opposition of Wallachian leaders, convinced that the attempts threaten the material existence of the community and lead to the loss of the existing rights.
References
Źródła. Wydania i tłumaczenia Rad Kekaumena:
Hans-Georg Beck, Vademecum des Byzantinischen Aristokraten. Das Sogennante Strategikon des Kekaumenos, Graz-Vienna-Köln 1956.
Cecaumeni „Strategicon” et incerti scriptores „De officiis regiis libelli”, ed. V. Vasilevski, V. Jernstadt, Sankt Petersburg 1896.
Cecaumeno, Raccomandazioni e consigli di un galantuomo (StrathgikÒn), ed. M.D. Spadaro, Alessandria 1998.
Conseil et récits d’un gentilhomme byzantin. Kékauménos, texte présenté et traduit du grec par Paolo Odorico, Toulouse 2015.
Signes Codoñer Juan, Cecaumeno Strategicon. Consejos de un aristócrata bizantino, Madrid 2000.
Kekaumenos, [w:] Testimonia Najdawniejszych Dziejów Słowian. Seria Grecka, z. 6. Pisarze wieku XI, tłum. i kom. A. Kotłowska, współpraca A. Brzóstkowska, Warszawa 2013, s. 62-105.
Tsounkarakēs Demetrios, Kekaumenos. Stratēgikon, Athēna 1993.
Sovety i rasskazy Kekavmena. Poučenije vizantijskogo polkovodca z XI veka. Podgotovka teksta, vvedenije, perevod i kommentarij G.G. Litavrina. Izdanije vtoroje, pererabobotannoje i dopolnennoje, Sankt Petersburg 2003 [Советы и рассказы Кекавмена. Поучение византийского полководца з XI века. Подготовка текста, введение, перевод и комментарий Г.Г. Литаврина, (1 wydanie) Москва 1972, (2 wydanie) Санкт Петербург 2003.]
Ferluga Jadran, Kekavmen, [w:] Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije, t. 3, Belgrad 1966, s. 189-217 [Ј. Ферлуга, Кекавмен, [w:] Византийјски извори за историју народа Југославије, т. 3, Београд 1966, 189-217.]
Cankova-Petkova Genoveva, Kekavmen, [w:] Grăcki izvori za bălgarskata istorija, t. 7, Sofija 1968, s. 11-38 [Г. Цанкова-Петкова, Кекавмен, [w:] Гръцки извори за българската история, т. 7, София 1968, s. 11-38.]
Pozostałe źródła:
Annae Comnenae Alexias, ed. D.R. Reinsch, A. Kambylis, (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, t. 40. Series Berolinensis), Berlin – New York 2001.
Annales Barensis, [w:] MGH SS, t. 5, ed. D. Pertz, Hanover 1844.
Antiche Chronache di Terra di Bari, ed. G. Cioffari, R.L. Tateo, Bari 1991.
Constantino Porfirogenito, De thematibus, ed. A. Pertusi, Vatican 1952.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio, ed. R.J.H. Jenkins, London 1962.
Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, ed. H. Thurn, Berlin 1973.
Ivanov Jordan, Bălgarski starini iz Makedonija, Sofija 1931. [Й. Иванов, Български старини из Македония, София 1931.]
Katalog Du Cange’a, [w:] Testimonia Najdawniejszych Dziejów Słowian, z. 4, Pisarze z VIII-XII wieku, red. A. Brzóstkowska, W. Swoboda, Warszawa 1997, s. 124-132.
Kassianus Bassus, Geoponika. Bizantyńska encyklopedia rolnicza, przekł. I. Mikołajczyk, Toruń 2012.
Księga eparcha, przekł. i kom. A. Kotłowska, Poznań 2010.
Miguel Ataliates, Historia, ed. In. Pérez Martin, Madrid 2002; The History Michael Attaleiates, transl. by A. Kaldellis, D. Krallis, Cambridge (M.) – London 2012.
Notitiae episcopatuum Eccleseiae Constantinopolitanae, ed. J. Darrouzès, Paris 1981.
Die Reisebeschreibungen R. Beniamin von Tudela, ed. M.N. Adler, Frankfurt – Jerusalem 1904.
Théophylacte d’Achrida letters, introduction, texte, traduction et notes P. Gautier, Thessalonique 1986.
Literatura
Angold Michael, Archons and dynasts. Local aristocracies and the cities of the later Byzantine Empire, [w:] The Byzantine Aristocracy IX to XIII Centuries, ed. M. Angold, Oxford 1984, s. 236-253.
Angold Michael, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204. A Political History, London 1984.
Balard Michel, Amalfi et Byzance (X-XII siècles), “Travaux et Mémoires”, 6, 1976, s. 85-95.
Bonarek Jacek, Bizancjum w dobie bitwy pod Mantzikert. Znaczenie zagrożenia seldżuckiego w polityce bizantyńskiej w XI wieku, Kraków 2011.
Božilov Ivan, Istorija na srednovekovna Bălgarija VII-XIV vek, Sofija 1999 [І. Божилов, История на средновековна България VII-XIV век].
Bünemann Richard, Robert Guiskard 1015-1085. Ein Normanne erobert Süditalien, Köln – Weimar – Wien 1997.
Cankova-Petkova Genoveva, Jugozapadnite bolgarskie zemli prez XI veke spored “Strategikona” na Kekavmen, [w:] Izvestija na Instituta za bălgarskata istorija, 6, 1956, s. 589-628 [Г. Цанкова-Петкова, Югозападните български земи през XI в. според „Стратегикона” на Кекавмен [w] Известия на Института за балгарската история, 6, 1956, c. 589-628].
Carile Antonio, Partitio Terrarium Imperia Romanie, „Studi Veneziani”, 7, 1965, s. 125-305.
Cheynet Jean-Claude, Dévaluation des dignités et dèvaluation monétaire dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle, „Byzantion”, 53, 1983, s. 453-477.
Cheynet Jean-Claude, Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963-1210), Paris 1990.
Cvetković Miloś, Uključvanje Slovena i Vlacha u sistem vizantijske provincijse organizacje na jugu Balkana do XI veka. Sličnosti i razlike, ZRVI, 49, 2012, s. 19-41 [М. Цветковић, Укључвањe Словена и Влаха у систем византијске провицијсе организације на југу Валкана до XI века. Сличности и разлике, „Зборник радова Византолошког института”, 49, 2012, s. 19-41].
Ditten Hans, Etnische Verschiebungen zwischen der Balkanhalbinsel und Kleinasien vom Ende des 6. bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts, Berlin 1993.
Djuvara Neagu, Sur un passage controversé de Kékauménos. 1) De origine des Valaques de Grece, 2) L’auteur n’est pas Katakalôn Kékauménos, “Revue Roumaine d’Histoire”, 30, 1991, 1-2, s. 23-66.
Dölger Franz, Wirth Peter, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, München 1995.
Dudek Jarosław, Pęknięte zwierciadło. Kryzys i odbudowa wizerunku władcy bizantyńskiego od 1056 roku do ok. 1095 r., Zielona Góra 2009.
Dvoichenko-Markov Demetrius, The Vlachs. The Latin Speaking Population of Eastern Europe, “Byzantion”, 54, 1984, s. 508-526.
Ferjančić Božidar, Tesalija u XIII i XIV veku, Beograd 1974 [Б. Ферјанчић, Тесалија у XIII и XIV веку, Београд 1974.]
Ferluga Jadran, John Scylitzes and Michael of Devol, [w:] tegoż, Byzantium on the Balkans. Studies on the Byzantine Administration and the Southern Slavs from the VIIth to the XIIth Centuries, Amsterdam 1976, s. 337-344.
Fonkič Boris L., O rukopisi „Strategikona” Kekavmena, VV, 31, 1971, s. 108-120 [Б. Л. Фонкич, О рукописи „Стратегикона” Кекавмена, „Византийский Временник”, 31, 1971, s. 108-120].
Grumel Venance, Les regestes des actes du patriarchat de Constantinople, vol. 1 Les actes patriarches, fasc. 3 Les regestes de 1043 a 1206, Constantinople 1947.
Gyóni Matyás, La transhumance des Vlaques balkaniques au Moyen Age, „Byzantinoslavica”, 12, 1951, s. 29-42.
Gyóni Matyás, Le nom de Bl£coi dans l’Alexiade de Anne Comnène, “Byzantinische Zeitschrift”, 44, 1951, s. 241-252.
Harvey Alan, The Land and taxation in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos: the evidence of Theofilakt of Ochrid, REB, 51, 1993, s. 139-15.
Jawor Grzegorz, Osady prawa wołoskiego i ich mieszkańcy na Rusi Czerwonej w późnym średniowieczu, Lublin 2004.
Kopczyńska-Jaworska Bronisława, Gospodarcze i społeczne podstawy pasterstwa tatrzańskiego, [w:] Historia osadnictwa i organizacja społeczna pasterstwa oraz słownictwo pasterskie Tatr polskich i Podhala, oprac. S. Górzyński, J. Kolowca, B. Kopczyńska-Jaworska, Z. Korosadowicz, Z. Radwańska-Jaworska, A. Szyfer, J. Zborowski, Z. i S. Zwolińscy, Pasterstwo Tatr polskich i Podhala, t. IV, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1962, s. 107-162.
Kokoudis Asterios, The Vlachs. Metropolis and Diaspora, Thessaloniki 2003.
Lazarou Achilleus G, L’Aroumain et ses rapports avec le Grec, Thessaloniki 1986.
Lemerle Paul, „Roga” et rente d’Etat aux Xe-XIe siècles, REB, 25, 1967, s. 75-100.
Lilie Ralph-Johannes, Handel und Politik. Zwischen dem byzantinischen Reich und den italianischen Kommunen Venedig, Pisa und Genua in der Epoche der Komnenen und der Angeloi (1081-1204), Amsterdam 1984.
Litavrin Gennadij G., Vostanije Bolgar i Vlachov w Fessalii v 1066 g., VV, 11, 1956, s. 123-134 [Г. Г. Литаврин, Востание болгар и влахов в Фессалии в 1066 г. „Византийский Временник”, 11, 1956, s. 123-134].
Litavrin Gennadij G., Bolgarija i Vizantija v XI-XII vv., Moskva 1960 [Г. Г. Литаврин, Болгария и Византия в XI-XII вв., Москва 1960].
Litavrin Gennadij G., Vlachi vizantijskich istočnikov, [w:] Vizantija i Slavjane (sbornik statej), Sankt Peterburg 1999, s. 130-136. [Г. Г. Литаврин, Влахи византийских источников, [w:] Византия и Славяне (сборник статей)].
Luković Miloš, Sezonowe migracje pasterzy na Bałkanach: charakter, historia, transformacje, „Res Historica”, 40, 2015, s. 61-95.
Năsturel Petre Ş., Vlacho-Balcanica. Remarques sur les Valaques dans l’empire byzantin sous les Comnènes et les Anges, “Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher”, 22, 1971, s. 221-248.
Năsturel Petre Ş., Les Valaques balcaniques aux Xe-XIIIe siécles. (Mouvements de population et colonisation dans la Romanie grecque et latine), “Byzantinische Forschungen”, t, 1979, s. 89-112.
Nicol Donald N, Byzantum and Venice. A study in diplomatic and cultural relation, Cambridge 1988.
Panov Branko, Teofilakt Ochridski kako izvor za srednovekovnata istorija na makedonskiot narod, Skopje 1971 [Б. Панов, Теофилакт Охридски како извор за средновековната историја на македонскиот народ].
Prinzing Günter, Bizantyńczycy wobec obcych, Poznań 1998.
Prinzing Günter, The Conflict about the Spiritual Obedience of the Vlach Peasants in the Region of Bothrotos ca. 1220: Case No. 80 of the Legal Works of Demetrios Chomatenos Reconsidered, [w:] Church and Society in Late Byzantium, ed. D. Angelov, Kalamazoo 2009.
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Zweite Abteilung (867-1025), ed. F. Winkelmann, t.1-8, Berlin 2013.
Risos Antonios, The Vlachs of Larissa in the 10th Century, “Byzantinoslavica”, 51, 1990, 2, s. 202-207.
Roszkowski Jerzy M., „Redyk Karpacki” wiódł przez Podhale, „Prace Pienińskie”, 23, 2013, s. 280-287.
Roueché Charlotte, Defining the Foreign in Kekaumenos, [w:] From Strangers to Themselves. The Byzantine Outsider, ed. D. Smythe, Aldershot 2000, s. 203-214.
Savvides Alexios G.K, The Byzantine Family of Kekaumenus (Cecaumenus). (Late 10th – early 12th Century), “Diptycha”, 4, 1986-1987, s. 12-27.
Savvides Alexios G.K, Internal strife and unrest in later Byzantium, XIth-XIIIth centuries (A.D. 1025-1261). The Case of urban and provincional insurrections (causes and effects), “Symmeikta”, 7, 1987, s. 237-273.
Schilbach Erich, Byzantinische metrologische Quellen, Thessalonikē 1982.
Semenov Igor G., Proischoždenije i značenije titula „Chazar-elteber, „Voprosy Istorii”, 2009, 9, s. 160-163 [И.Г. Семёнов, Происхождение и значение титула „хазар-ельтeбер, „Вопросы Истории”, 2009, 9, s. 160-163.]
Snegarov Ivan, Istorija na ochridskata archiepiskopija, t. 1, Ot osnovaneto na Balkanskija poluostrov ot Turcite, Sofija 1995 [И. Снегаров, История на охридската архепископия, т. 1, От основаването до завладяването на Балкансия полуостров от турците].
Sophocles Evangelinus A, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Hildesheim – Zürich – New York 1992.
Soulis Georgios C., The Thessalian Vlachia, ZRVI, t. 8, 1963, s. 271-273.
Stănescu Eugen, Byzantinovlachica I. Les Vlaques à fin du Xe siécle – début du XIe et la restauration de la domination byzantine la peninsule balkanique, RESEE, 6, 1968, 3, s. 407-438.
Tabula Imperii Byzantini 1. Hellas und Thessalia, von J. Koder, F. Hild, Wien 1976.
Trifunoski Jovan, Geografskie karakteristike srednjovekovnich vlaškich katuna, [w:] Simpozijum o srednjovekovnom katunu održan 24. i 25. novembra 1961 g., Sarajewo 1963, s. 19-39 [Ј.Ф. Трифуноски, Географске карактеристике срењовековних влашких катуна, [w:] Симпозијум о среднњовјековном катуну одржан 24. и 25. новембра 1961 г.].
Winnifrith Tom J., The Vlachs. The History of a Balkan People, London 1987.
Xanalatos Diogenes, Bëitrage zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Makedoniens im Mittelalter, München 1937.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)