Słowa kluczowe
creating archaeological record
destroying archaeological record
archaeological context
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
This paper examines some of the arguments used by archaeologists in favour of collaborating useful for archaeological research and is a form of public engagement with archaeology. It takes as a case study records of 48 600 medieval artefacts removed from archaeological contexts by artefact hunters and recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme in England and Wales. The past and potential uses of these records as an archaeological source are objectively reviewed, together with an assessment of the degree to which they provide mitigation of the damage caused to the otherwise unthreatened archaeological record. It is concluded that, although information can be obtained by studying records of findspots of addressed artefacts such as coins, in general the claims made in support of professional archaeological collaboration with this kind of activity prove to be false.
Bibliografia
Allen, M. 2002 English coin hoards 1158–1544. British Numismatic Journal, 72, 24–84.
Allen, M. 2015 Coin Hoards in England and Wales c. 973–1544. In: J. Naylor, R. Bland (eds), Hoarding and Deposition of Metalwork from the Bronze Age to the 20th Century: a British Perspective (p. 147–165) (BAR British, Series 615). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Barford, P. M. 2016 Portable Antiquities Collectors and an Alter-Archaeology of Viking England. Acta Archaeologica Pultuskiensia, 5, 31–46.
Barford, P. M. 2018 Revised Artefact Erosion Counter. Portable Antiquity Collecting and Heritage Issues blog, Sunday, 15 July 2018. Internet resource: https://paul-barford.blogspot.com/2018/07/a-revised-artefact-erosion-counter.html
Barford, P. M. 2020 Green Saharas, Grey Markets: Commercial Exploitation of North African Prehistory, an Overview. Archaeologia Polona, 58, 311 338.
Beresford, M. W. 1954 The Lost Villages of England. London: Lutterworth Press.
Bland, R. 2005 A Pragmatic Approach to the Problem of Portable Antiquities: the Experience of England and Wales. Antiquity, 79(304), 440–447.
Boulton, H. 2016 The British Museum Announces Most Successful Year Ever. Annual Review Launch 2016 British Museum press release 1st July 2016. Internet resource: https://enews.britishmuseum.org/pdf/annual-review-press-release.pdf
Champion, T. C. 1991 Medieval Archaeology and the Tyranny of the Historical Record. In: L. Alcock, D. Austin (eds), From the Baltic to the Black Sea, Studies in Medieval Archaeology (p. 79–95). London: Unwin Hyman.
Christiansen, T. 2016 Recreational Metal Detecting and Archaeological Research: Critical Issues Concerning Danish Metal-detector Finds. In: J. Martens, M. Ravn (eds), Pløyejord som kontekst (p. 23–36). Kristiansand: Portal Forlag.
Coin Community Forum 2015 How Many Collectors Of Ancient Coins Are There? Coin Community Forum (thread 12/09/2015 to 12/11/2015). Internet resource: https://www.coincommunity.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=247375
Deckers, P., Dobat, A., Ferguson, N., Heeren, S., Lewis, M., Thomas, S. 2018 The Complexities of Metal Detecting Policy and Practice: A Response to Samuel Hardy, ‘Quantitative Analysis of Open-Source Data on Metal Detecting for Cultural Property’ (Cogent Social Sciences, 3, 2017). Open Archaeology, 4, 322–333.
Dobat, A., Deckers, P., Heeren, S., Lewis, M., Thomas, S., Wessman, A. 2020 Towards a Cooperative Approach to Hobby Metal Detecting: The European Public Finds Recording Network (EPFRN) Vision Statement. European Journal of Archaeology, 23(2), 1–21.
Elia, R. J. 1997 Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological Resources. Nonrenewable Resources, 6, 85–98.
Finucane, R. C. 1977 Miracles and Pilgrimages, Popular Beliefs in Medieval England. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Flanery, K. V. 1973 Archaeology with a Capital S. In: C. L. Redman (ed.), Research and Theory in Current Archaeology (p. 47–58). New York: Wiley.
Fokkens, H. 1998 Drowned Landscape: The Occupation of the Western Part of the Frisian-Drentian Plateau, 4400 BC–AD 500. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.
Geake, H. 2011 Accidental Losses, Plough-damaged Cemeteries and the Occasional Hoard: The Portable Antiquities Scheme and Early Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. In: S. Brookes, S. Harrington, A. Reynolds (eds), Studies in Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology: Papers in Honour of Martin G. Welch (p. 33–39) (BAR British, Series 527). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Gilchrist, R. 2009 Medieval Archaeology and Theory: a Disciplinary Leap of Faith. In: R. Gilchrist, A. Reynolds (eds), Reflections: 50 Years of Medieval Archaeology, 1957–2007 (p. 385–408). Leeds: Maney.
Gill, D. 2015 Damaging the Archaeological Record: The Lenborough Hoard. Journal of Art Crime, 13, 51–57.
Greenlight Publishing 2020 Books. Publisher’s catalogue: https://www.greenlightpublishing.com/
Hardy, S. 2017 Quantitative Analysis of Open-Source Data on Metal Detecting for Cultural Property. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1–49.
Hart, S. M., Chilton, E. S. 2014 Digging and Destruction: Artifact Collecting as Meaningful Social Practice. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(4), 318–335.
Jervis, B. 2017 Using Archaeological Objects. Living Standards and Material Culture in English Rural Households 1300–1600. Project blog, Posted on April 6, 2017: https://medievalobjects.wordpress.com/2017/04/06/using-archaeological-objects/
Jones, R. 2004 Signatures in the Soil: The Use of Pottery in Manure Scatters in the Identification of Medieval Arable Farming Regimes. Archaeological Journal, 161(1), 159–188.
Jones, R. 2011 Elemental Theory in Everyday Practice: Food Disposal in the Later Medieval English Countryside. In: J. Klápšte, P. Sommer (eds), Food in the Medieval Rural Environment: Processing, Storage, Distribution of Food (p. 145–154). Turnhout: Brepols.
Karl, R. 2019 The ‘Artefact Erosion Estimation’ – Fallacy. Another Response to Papers by Samuel A. Hardy. Archäologische Denkmalpflege, 2, 73–143.
Kelleher, R. M. 2011 Coins in Context: Archaeology, Treasure and the Portable Antiquities Scheme. In: B. Cook (ed.), The British Museum and the Future of UK Numismatics: Proceedings of a Conference Held to Mark the 150th Anniversary of the British Museum’s Department of Coins and Medals (p. 18–24). London: British Museum Research Publication 183.
Kelleher, R. M. 2012 The Re-use of Coins in Medieval England and Wales c. 1050–1550: an Introductory Survey. Yorkshire Numismatist, 4, 183–200.
Kelleher, R. M. 2013 Coins, Monetisation and Re-use in Medieval England and Wales: New Interpretations Made Possible by the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Durham University, unpublished doctoral thesis. Available online: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=618&uin=uk.bl.ethos.571965
Kelleher, R. M. 2017a The Monetisation of Medieval England and Wales, New Interpretations from Single Finds (c.1150 – c.1300). In: M. C. Caltabiano, B. Carroccio, D. Castrizio, M. Puglisi, G. Salamone (eds), XV International Numismatic Congress Taormina 2015 Proceedings, t. 2 (p. 1133–1137). Rome: Arbor Sapientiae Editore.
Kelleher, R. M. 2017b Pilgrims, Pennies and the Ploughzone, Folded Coins in Medieval Britain. In: N. M. Burström, G. T. Ingvardson (eds), Divina Moneta: Coins in Religion and Ritual (p. 68). Abingdon – New York: Routledge.
Kennedy, M. 2007 ‘Unsung Heroes of Heritage’ Extolled for Unearthing Hoard of Treasure: Gold and Silver Jewellery Among Surge in Finds by Metal Detector Sleuths. The Guardian, Thu 18 Jan 2007.
Kershaw, J. 2013 Viking Identities: Scandinavian Jewellery in England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kolen, J. C. A., Niekus, M. 2011 Van cultureel streekdiagram tot landschapsbiografie. Een overzicht van vijftig jaar landschapsarcheologie in Drenthe. In: M. J. L. Th. Niekus, S. van der Zee, T. Looijenga, F. Kiestra (eds), Gevormd en omgevormd landschap (p. 132–144). Assen: Drents Prehistorische Vereniging.
Leahy, K., Lewis, M. 2018 Finds Identified: an Illustrated Guide to Metal-detecting and Archaeological Finds. Coggeshall: Greenlight Publishing.
Lewis, C. 2007 New Avenues for the Investigation of Currently Occupied Medieval Rural Settlement – Preliminary Observations from the Higher Education Field Academy. Medieval Archaeology, 51, 131–161.
Lewis, M. 2018 50 Medieval Finds from the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
Lewis, M. 2016 A Damaged Past: the Effects of Historical Artefact Collecting on the Stone Artefact Record. Victoria Excavations, Surveys and Heritage Management in Victoria, 5, 47–50.
Loveluck, C., More, A., Spaulding, N., Clifford, H., Handley, M., Hartman, L., Korotkikh, E., Kurbatov, A., Mayewski, P., Sneed, S., McCormick, M. 2020 Alpine Ice and the Annual Political Economy of the Angevin Empire, from the Death of Thomas Becket to Magna Carta, c. AD 1170–1216. Antiquity, 94(374), 473–490.
Naismith, R. 2013 The English Monetary Economy c. 973–1100: the Contribution of Single finds. Economic History Review (new series), 66, 198–225.
Oksanen, E., Lewis, M. 2015 Medieval Markets and PAS Data. Medieval Settlement Research, 30, 54–59.
Oksanen, E., Lewis, M. 2016 Exploring the Commercial Landscape of Medieval Saltfleetby and Skidbrooke (Lincs.) through PAS data. Medieval Archaeology, 60, 14–17.
Pitblado, B. 2014 An Argument for Ethical, Proactive, Archaeologist-artifact Collector Collaboration. American Antiquity, 79(3), 385–400.
Pitblado, B., Shott, M. J. 2015 The Present and Future of Archaeologist-collector Collaboration. The SAA Archaeological Record, 15(5), 36–39.
Pesez, J.-M. 1990 Archéologie et histoire médiévales. Heresis, 2, 7–24.
Portable Antiquities Scheme 1998–2020 (database) Internet resource: https://finds.org.uk/database
Portable Antiquities Scheme 2003–2020 Research Based on Scheme data. Portable Antiquities Scheme. Internet resource: www.finds.org.uk/research
Reeves, M. 2015 Sleeping with the Enemy: Metal Detecting hobbyists and Archaeologists. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 3(3), 263–274.
Richards, J. D., Naylor, J., Holas-Clark, C. 2009 Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Economy: Using Portable Antiquities to Study Anglo-Saxon and Viking Age England. Internet Archaeology, 25. Internet resource: http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue25/richards_index.html
Robbins, K. 2014 Portable Antiquities Scheme: A Guide for Researchers. London: British Museum. Internet resource: https://finds.org.uk/documents/guideforresearchers.pdf
Spencer, P. D. 2006 Cut Halves and Quarters: Statistics. The Searcher, July 2006, 45–47.
Spencer, P. D. 2008 The Construction of Histories: Numismatics and Metal Detecting. In: S. Thomas, P. Stone (eds), Metal Detecting and Archaeology (p. 125–136). Woodbridge – Rochester: Boydell Press.
Tabaczyński, S. 1987 Archeologia średniowieczna. Problemy. źródła, metody, cele badawcze. Wrocław: Ossolineum.
Temińo, I. R., Valdés, A. R. 2015 Fighting Against the Archaeological Looting and the Illicit Trade of antiquities in Spain. International Journal of Cultural Property, 22(1), 111–130.
Thomas, S. 2008 Introduction. In: S. Thomas, P. Stone (eds), Metal Detecting and Archaeology (p. 1–11). – Rochester: Boydell Press.
Thomas, S. 2016 The Future of Studying Hobbyist Metal Detecting in Europe: A Call for a Transnational Approach. Open Archaeology, 2, 140–149.
Thomas, S., Stone, P. (eds) 2008 Metal Detecting and Archaeology. Woodbridge – Rochester: Boydell Press.
Treasure Act 1996 An Act to Abolish Treasure Trove and to Make Fresh Provision in Relation to Treasure. UK Public General Acts 1996, c. 24.
Vernet, R., Le Quellec, J.-L. 2017 Recension de: Eckhard Klenkler, Robert Dreikluft, Mark Milburn and Z. Jiang 2016, Sahara, Material Culture of Early Communities. Les Cahiers de l’ l’Association des Amis de l’Art Rupestre Saharien, 19, 295–297.
Winkley, F. 2016 The Phenomenology of Metal Detecting: Insights From a Unique Type of Landscape Experience. Papers From the Institute of Archaeology, 25(2), Art. 13. Internet resource: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.496
Worrell, S., Egan, G., Naylor, J., Leahy, K., Lewis, M. (eds) 2010 A Decade of Discovery: Proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme Conference 2007 (BAR British, Series 520). Oxford: Archaeopress.