Abstract
Amani Mussa, “Between a child who wants to tell and an adult who does not want to hear”. Arts Therapists’ Dilemmas in the Application of Arts Therapy with Children from Arab Society Who Suffered Abuse. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 25, Poznań 2019. Pp. 373-401. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.25.16.
The Arab education system in Israel together with the ethics and legal regulations are found to indicate reports of maltreated and sexually abused children. The problem of viewed in this paper is connected with the reporting of children who had experienced maltreatment and sexual abuse. The article aspires to present the work and dilemmas of art therapists using arts therapy when working within educational and therapeutic frameworks in Israeli Arab society. Today, the field of arts therapy in the Arab society is in its initial stages in contrast to the seniority this field has gained in the Jewish society and more traditional therapies such as psychology and psychotherapy. In the Arab society, mental therapy is uncommon. The field of therapy as a whole is undeveloped and conducted secretly largely due to shame, stigma and prejudices associating mental therapy with mental illnesses or disorders (Masarwa & Bruno, 2018). Until recently, arts therapy has not been practiced at all in Israeli in the Arab society. In comparison to psychological treatment, arts therapy carries an extra value because of its non-verbal work methodology, and enables can the client to make projection and reduction of social and personal objections in face of the therapeutic process. In recent years, implementation of this field of knowledge has gained momentum in therapeutic frameworks in general and at schools in particular, slowly becoming an integral part of the education system. However, this field is still in its early stages and it is oriented towards special education students and those with special needs (Nachum, 2007; Moriah, 2000).
References
Abbas, A. (2011). People with disabilities in Arab society in Israel. A position paper presented by Al-Manarah – an association for the advancement of the blind and people with disabilities in Israeli society. [Hebrew]
Abd al-Qader, H. (2015). Art therapy in the education system in Arab society in Israel from their prespective of teachers. Research MA thesis submitted to Haifa University. Haifa University [Hebrew]
Abu-Baker, K. (2009). Cultural aspects of Israeli Arab population that effect understanding and detection of children who are victims of neglect and maltreatment. Ashalim Association for Development of Services for Children at Risk. [Arabic]
Abu-Baker, K. (2013). Arab parents’ reactions to child sexual abuse: A review of clinical records. Journal of child sexual abuse, 22(1), pp. 52-71.
Abud Halabi, Y. (2004). The definitions of Arab parents: different types of child maltreatment and neglect and willingness to report these cases to various bodies in family, welfare services and police. MA thesis. Jerusalem: Social Work School at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. [Hebrew]
Al Sahih Bukhari: 2137 – Chap. 6, p. 47 – “Faid AlBukhari Sahih Bukhari”. Extracted from Al Shamela Library on 10.5.2019: http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book- 98124/page-3385
Al Sahih Muslim: 34 Hypotheses in Islam, in Anthology of Islam, Chap. 2, p. 243. Extracted on 10.5.2019: https://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=175&idto=179&bk_no=81&ID=36; https://edu.gov.il/owlheb/Pages/default.aspx
Al-Krenawi, A., & Graham, J.R. (2002). Culturally sensitive social work practice with Arab clients in mental health settings. Health and Social Work, 25(1), pp. 9-22.
Al-Krenawi, E. (2002). Social work with Arab clients at mental health systems. Society and Welfare, 24(1), pp. 75-97.
Al-Krenawi, E. (2004). Socio-Political Repercussions of Mental Therapy in Arab Society in Israeli Context. Nazareth: Union of Israeli Arab Psychologists. [Arabic]
Alyami, A. (2009). The integration of art therapy into physical rehabilitation in a Saudi hospital. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36(5), pp. 282-288.
Alzargawi, P. (2011). Misconceptions of mental illness and treatment. In Domestic Affairs Association. Extracted on 10.10.2018: http://nassebrezina.yoo7.com/ t465-topic
Bailey, S. (2007). Drama therapy. In A. Blatner (Ed.), Interactive and improvisational drama (pp. 164-173). NY: iUniverse, Inc.
Baker, K.A., & Dwairy, M. (2003). Cultural norms versus state law in treating incest: A suggested model for Arab families. Child abuse & neglect, 27(1), pp. 109-123.
Bannister, A. (2003). Creative Therapy with Traumatized Children: the Principles of the Rehabilitation Model. Kiryat Bialik: Ach Publishing. [Hebrew]
Ben-Arieh, A., & Haj-Yahia, M.M. (2006). The “geography” of child maltreatment in Israel: Findings from a national data set of cases reported to the social services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(9), pp. 991-1003.
Berger, R. (2015). Enrolling Multiple Characters – Speaking Various Languages.In: R. Berger (Ed.) Looking at Creativity – Seeing the Mind. Kiryat Bialik: Ach Publishing.[Hbrew]
Butchart, A., Harvey, A.P., Mian, M., & Fürniss, T. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment. A guide to taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2019). The population of Israel according to religion and self definition of religiousness. Extracted on 16.4.2019 from CBS site: https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2018/195/32_18_195b.pdf
Chazut, T. (1998). Arts therapy in Israel towards the year 2000: profession profile. Issues in special Education and Rehabilitation, 16(1), pp. 61-70. [Hebrew]
Christian, C.W., & Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. (2015). The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics, 135(5), e1337-e1354.
Daud, H. (2015). Examination of the approach of visual arts therapists and trainers (specialists) towards therapy via art as implemented at schools in Arab society. MA Thesis. Haifa: Arts Therapy School, Welfare and Health Faculty, Haifa University. [Hebrew]
Doron, Y. (2012). Mandatory Reporting – Position Paper for Ministry of Welfare. Jerusalem: Ministry of Welfare. [Hebrew] http://www.molsa.gov.il/Misrad Harevacha
Doron-Harari, M. (2014). Stage and Soul – Therapeutic Autobiographical Theatre as a Model in Drama Therapy. In: R. Berger (Ed.). Creativity as Heart of Therapy. Kiryat Biyalik: Ach Publishing. [Hebrew]
Dwairy, A. M. (1998). Cross-Cultural Counseling: The Arab-Palestinian Case. New York: The Hawaorth Press. [Arabic]
Dwairy, M. (1997). Addressing the repressed needs of the Arabic client. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 3(1), pp. 1–12.
Dwairy, M. (2004). Culturally sensitive education: Adapting self‐oriented assertiveness training to collective minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 60(2), pp. 423-436.
Dwairy, M. (2006). Issues in psychological assessment of clients from collective societies: the Arab case. Conversations, 21(1), pp. 26-32.
Euser, S., Alink, L.R., Tharner, A., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M.J. (2016). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in out‐of‐home care: Increased risk for children with a mild intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research inIntellectual Disabilities, 29(1), pp. 83-92.
Faust, Z. (2002). On loss and longing – adolescent therapy group. Mikbatz, 7(2),pp. 39-52. Extracted on 10.10.2015 from: http://nassebrezina.yoo7.com/t465-topic
Gardner, R. (2016). Introduction. In R. Gardner (Ed.) Tackling Child Neglect: Research, Policy and Evidence-Based Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Gersie, A. (1996a). Dramatic approaches to brief therapy. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Gersie, A. (1996b). “Introduction”. In: Gersie, A. (ed.) Dramatic Approaches to BriefTherapy, (pp. 1-27), Wiltshire: Cronwell Press.
Gilbert, R., Widom, C.S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The lancet, 373(9657), pp. 68-81.
Goldstein, S. and Laor, R. (2010). Intercultural aspects and their effect on professionals in the context of locating children who had undergone maltreatment and abuse and mandatory reporting. Family and Law, 304, pp. 243-277. [Hebrew]
Haj-Yahia, M.M., & Shor, R. (1995). Child maltreatment as perceived by Arab students of social science in the West Bank. Child abuse & neglect, 19(10), pp. 1209-1219.
Huss, E. (2013). Therapy through Art: Changes in the regulation of the profession in Israel. Arts Therapy: Research and Creativity in therapy, Vol. 3(2), pp. 344-356. [Hebrew] (2019)
Huss, E., & Cwikel, J. (2008). Embodied drawings as expressions of distress among impoverished single Bedouin mothers. Archives of women’s mental health, 11(2), pp. 137-147.
Jankowiak, B. (2016). Behawioralne i emocjonalne problemy dziewcząt i kobiet. Dlaczego nie wiemy więcej? A. Matysiak-Błaszczyk, B. Jankowiak (Eds.) Kontrowersje wokół socjalizacji dziewcząt i kobiet. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Jankowiak, B., & Gulczyńska, A. (2014). Wczesna inicjacja seksualna młodzieży –przyczyny i konsekwencje. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja, 5(1), pp. 171-189.
Jennings, S. (2000). Theory and Practice for Teachers and Therapists – Vol. B. Kiryat Bialik: Ach Publishing. Hebrew]
Jeraisi, A. (2013). Socio-Psychological Therapy in Arab Society. In: M. Hovav, A. Levental & Y. Katan (Eds.). Social Work in Israel, pp. 506-526. Benei-Brak: Hakibutz Hameuchad. [Hebrew]
Johnson, D. (2009). Developmental transformations: Towards the body as presenc. In: D. Johnson & R. Emunah (Eds.), Current approaches in Drama Therapy (pp. 89-116). Springfield, ILL: Charles C. Thoma.
Kalifa, G. (2017a). Intercultural discrepancies in arts therapy training at schools and their effect on the therapist’s professional therapy and development: case study of Arab sector therapists trained by Jewish sector trainers. Arts Therapy: Research and Creativity in Therapy, 7(2), pp. 659-674. [Hebrew]
Kalifa, G. (2017b). Treatment of sexually abused children. Arts Therapy: Research and Creativity in Therapy, 8(1), pp. 759-761. [Hebrew]
Kedman, Y. (2011). Child maltreatment in Israel. Jerusalem: National Council for the Child. Extracted on 5.5.2018 from: https://www.google.com/search?q=cms. education.gov.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F3B1406C8…%2Fhitallut.doc&oq=cms.education.gov.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F3B1406C8…%2Fhitallut.doc&aqs=chrome..69i58j69i57.4425j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Kna’ana, B. (2007). Dilemmas of Jewish-Arab partnership. Pitchon Peh: Radical sociopolitical Magazine, 3, pp. 55-67. [Hebrew]
Kornin, J. (2017). Child maltreatment in cross cultural perspective: Vulnerable children and circumstances. Child Abuse and Neglect: Biosocial Dimensions-Foundations of Human Behavior.
Lahad, M. (2006). Fantastic Reality – Creative Training in Therapy. Kiryat Tivon: Nord Publishing. [Hebrew]
Lev-Wiesel, R. (2007). Sexual abuse during childhood, trauma, secondary traumatization and retraumatization. In M. Hovav, B. Yehuda and Y. Horovitz (Eds.). Maltreatment and Neglect of Children in Israel, pp. 56-581. Jerusalem, Ashalim Publication. [Hebrew]
Lev-Wiesel, R. and Izikovich, Z. (2016). Violence towards children and youths in Israel: between prevalence and reporting. Encouraging and discouraging reporting factors. Research Report for the Ministry of Education. Haifa: Haifa University and Triana Institute. [Hebrew]
Lev-Wiesel, R., Sabo Lal, R., Arazi, T. and Ben Simon, B. (2017). National index for measuring child abuse and neglect in Israel: secondary analysis findings of the epidemiological survey among adolescents. Jerusalem: MHLV. [Hebrew]
Masarwa, Z. (2016). Secrets from the therapy room: the experience of arts therapists from Arab society facing mandatory reporting of abused children. Research MA thesis submitted to Haifa University. Haifa University [Hebrew]
Masarwa, Z. and Bruno, Y. (2018). Embassy in a changing world: arts therapy at the education system in Arab society. In: Snir, S. and Regev, D. (Eds.). When Arts Therapy Meets Israel’s Education System: Applicable Aspects. Haifa: Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapy Research Center. [Hebrew]
Mathews, B., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Child sexual abuse: Toward a conceptual model and definition. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), pp. 131-148.
Meinck, F., Cluver, L.D., Boyes, M.E., & Ndhlovu, L.D. (2015). Risk and protective factors for physical and emotional abuse victimisation amongst vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse Review, 24(3), pp. 182-197.
Meldrum, B. (1994). A role Model of dramatherapy and its application with individuals and groups. In S. Jennings et al. The handbook of Dramatherapy. London: Routledge.
Melton, G.B. (2005). Mandated reporting: A policy without reason. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(1), pp. 9-18
Ministry of Education (2010). Director General of the Ministry of Education circular: 1.2-37. Integration program in regular education frameworks – for treatment of students with special needs studying in regular classrooms. Extracted on 3.3.2019 from: http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Applications/Mankal/EtsMedorim/1/1-2/HoraotKeva/K-2008-3d-1-2-37.htm
Ministry of Education website was published on July 2019, Information about the Israeli education system. https://edu.gov.il/owlheb/Pages/default.aspx
Moriah, D. (2000). Arts Therapy at Schools. Ramat Hasharon: Dafna Moriah Publication. [Hebrew]
Moriya, D. (2006). Ethical Issues in School Art Therapy. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. 23(2), pp. 59-65.
Moshe, N. (2013). Mental therapy for sexually abused minors: therapy courses under the responsibility of government offices. Jerusalem: Knesset – Research and Information Center. [Hebrew]
Murphy, J. (1998). Art therapy with sexually abused children and young people. International Journal of Art Therapy: Inscape, 3(1), pp. 10-16.
Nachum, Y. (2007). Central issues in psychodynamic oriented psychological treatment withing school framework (electronic version). Extracted from Net Hebrew Psychology site, on 17.9.2018: https://www.hebpsy.net/articles.asp?id=2862
Penal Law (1977). Mandatory Reporting (Amendment no. 26) 1989 (Amendment no. 108) 2010. Extracted from Nevo site on 7.5.2019: https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law01/073_002.htm
Rabinovich, M. (2010). Treatment of incest victims. Jerusalem: Knesset: Research and Information Center. [Hebrew]
Rinaui, H. (2003). Arab society in Israel: ambivalent agenda. Rishon Le-zion: College of Management. [Hebrew]
Sedlak, A.J. (2001). A history of the national incidence study of child abuse and neglect. The Children’s Bureau, Administration of Children and Families, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC Viewed online at the NIS-4 website May, 21, 2009.
Shefler, G., Agamon, Y. and Weil, G. (Eds.) (2003) Ethical issues in mental counseling and therapy. Jerusalem: Magnes, Hebrew University. [Hebrew]
Shelata, M. (2010). Coping victims and their families focus groups findings. Jerusalem: Disabilities and Rehabilitation Division, Israel Joint. [Hebrew]
Shlomi, T. and Daud, P. (2011). Agenda topics. Meeting point, 2, pp. 28-29. [Hebrew]
Sibarsky, S. and Dagan-Buzaglo, N. (2009). Differentiation, inequality and loose control: a snapshot of Israeli education. Tel Aviv: Adva Center. [Hebrew]
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2013). The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect.
Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 48(3), pp. 345-355.
Sulimani-Aidan, Y., & Benbenishty, R. (2013). Child maltreatment reports in Israel: The intersection between community socioeconomic characteristics and ethnicity. American Journal of orthopsychiatry, 83, 1, pp. 29-36.
Taillieu, T.L., Brownridge, D.A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T.O. (2016). Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child abuse & neglect, 59, pp. 1-12. The Ottoman Holy Quran.
Tytherleigh, L., & Karkou, V. (2010). Dramatherapy, autism and relationshipbuilding: A case study. Arts Therapies in Schools: Research and Practice, Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp. 197-216
Vangrover, H. (1998). Dancing together in a different rhythm with the same partner: arts teachers and therapists at school. Issues in Special Education and Rehabilitation,13(2), 17-24. Achva Publisher. [Hebrew]
Weisbly, A. (2010). Issues on the subject of the exhaustion of rights of children and youths in the Arab sector and the Ultra-Orthodox sector. Jerusalem: Knesset – Research and Information Center. [Hebrew]
Wojciechowska, A., & Gulczyńska, A. (2017). Sexual behaviour of children and teenagers with autism spectrum disorders. Pilot study results. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy 19/2017.
Zadik, Z.Y. (2002). Psychotherapists in face of mandatory reporting. Medicine and Law, 27, pp. 145-158.