Labor Protection in the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence: New Challenges for the EU and the ILO
Journal cover Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adam Mickiewicza, volume 16, year 2024
PDF

Keywords

labor rights
artificial intelligence
labor protection
labor automation
protection of workers’ rights

How to Cite

Sirokha, D., Volynets, V., Kovalenko, R., Pohorielova, O., & Tkachuk, A. (2024). Labor Protection in the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence: New Challenges for the EU and the ILO. Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu Im. Adam Mickiewicza, 16, 67–98. https://doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2024.16.03

Abstract

The introduction of artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI) is an active process and today touches almost all areas of human life. Laborrelations are no exception. However, the current legislation on many labor relations issues is not ready for such innovations and needs to be updated. This isa particular challenge for such participants in international relations as the ILO and the EU, as they implement national standards that are unified by many countries. The purpose of the article is to study the current challenges for the ILO and the EU with regard to AI implementation in labor relations, to classify them and to find legal solutions. The authors propose new legislative initiatives, including standardization, establishing the right to appeal against AI decisions, ensuring transparency of algorithms, enshrining the right to disconnect, and amendments to the GDPR. The practical significance of the article lies in its recommendations for improving the current legislation as guidelines for the ILO, the EU and the United States.

https://doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2024.16.03
PDF

References

Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, Jonathon Hazell, and Pascual Restrepo. “Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies.” Journal of Labor Economics 40, no. S1(2022): 293–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/718327

Bærøe, Kristine, Ainar Miyata-Sturm, and Edmund Henden. ”How to Achieve Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for Health.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98, no. 4(2020): 257–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.237289

Bennett, Russell, and Mark Chiu. “AI in the Workplace: Employment Law Risks from Using AI.” Tanner De Witt. Published Setember 12, 2024. https://www.tannerdewitt.com/ai-in-the-workplace-employment-law-risks-from-using-ai/.

Butynska, Roksolana Yaroslavivna. “Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Work: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation.” Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2(2024): 301–08. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.02.52

Cadario, Romain, Chiara Longoni, and Carey K. Morewedge. “Understanding.Explaining and Utilizing Medical Artificial Intelligence.” Nature Human Behaviour 5, 2021: 1636–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01146-0

Cebulla, Andreas, Zygmunt Szpak, Catherine Howell, Genevieve Knight, and Sazzad Hussain. “Applying Ethics to AI in the Workplace: The Design of a Scorecard for Australian Workplace Health and Safety.” AI & Society 38, 2022: 919–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01460-9

Costantino, Francesco, Andrea Falegnami, Lorenzo Fedele, Margherita Bernabei, Sara Stabile, and Rosina Bentivenga. “New and Emerging Hazards for Health and Safety within Digitalized Manufacturing Systems.” Sustainability 13, no. 19(2021): article 10948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910948

Dastin, Jeffrey. “Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women.” Reuters. Published October 11, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G.

Dawoodbhoy, Fatema Mustansir, Jack Delaney, and Paulina Cecula et al. “AI in Patient Flow: Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Patient Flow in NHS Acute Mental Health Inpatient Units.” Heliyon 7, no. 5(2021): article e06993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06993

De Freitas, Julian, Stuti Agarwal, Bernd Schmitt, and Nick Haslam. “Psychological Factors Underlying Attitudes Toward AI Tools.” Nature Human Behavior 7, 2023: 1845–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01734-2

De Stefano, Valerio. “‘Negotiating the Algorithm’: Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Labour Protection.” Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 41, no. 1(2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3178233

European Commission: Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. Publications Office, 2019.

European Parliament. “EU AI Act: First Regulation on Artificial Intelligence.” Last updated June 18, 2024. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence.

Faria, Carlos, Ana Colim, João Cunha et al. “Safety Requirements for the Design of Collaborative Robotic Workstations in Europe: A Review.” In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences on Safety Management and Human Factors, and Human Error, Reliability, Resilience, and Performance, July 16–20, 2020, USA. Springer, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50946-0_31

Gihleb, Rania, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella, and Tianyi Wang. “Industrial Robots, Workers’ Safety, and Health.” Labour Economics 78, 2022: article 102205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102205

Hickman, Eleanore, and Martin Petrin. “Trustworthy AI and Corporate Governance: The EU’s Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence from a Company Law Perspective.” European Business Organization Law Review 22, 2021: 593–625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-021-00224-0

Hrytsai, D. “Development of Artificial Intelligence as a New Challenge for Humanity in the Field of Employment.” Legal Bulletin 3, 2018: 97–102.

International Labour Office. World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The Role of Digital Labour Platforms in Transforming the World of Work. International Labour Office, 2021.

International Labour Organization. Work For A Brighter Future: Global Commission on the Future of Work Report. International Labour Organization, 2019. https://webapps.ilo.org/digitalguides/en-gb/story/global-commission#people.

International Organization for Standardization. ISO 10218–1:2011: Robots and Robotic Devices – Safety Requirements for Industrial Robots. International Organization for Standardization, 2011. https://www.iso.org/standard/51330.html.

Jarota, Maciej. “Artificial Intelligence in the Work Process: A Reflection on the Proposed European Union Regulations on Artificial Intelligence from an Occupational Health and Safety Perspective.” Computer Law & Security Review 49, 2023: article 105825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105825

Kim, Doha, Yeosol Song, and Songyie Kim et al. “How Should the Results of Artificial Intelligence Be Explained to Users? Research onConsumer Preferences in User-Centered Explainable Artificial Intelligence.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 188, 2023: article 122343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122343

Kim, Jeff, Shrinidhi Kadkol, Itay Solomon et al. “AI Anxiety: A Comprehensive Analysis of Psychological Factors and Interventions.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4573394

Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, and Brent Mittelstadt. “Three Pathways for Standardisation and Ethical Disclosure by Default under the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act.” Computer Law & Security Review 53, 2024: article 105957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105957

Lomborg, Stine, and Brita Ytre-Arne. “Advancing Digital Disconnection Research: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Convergence 27, no. 6(2021): 1529–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211057518

Madaan, Nishtha, Mohd Abdul Ahad, and Sunil M. Sastry. “Data Integration in IoT Ecosystem: Information Linkage as a Privacy Threat.” Computer Law & Security Review 34, no. 1(2018): 125–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.06.007

Malm, Timo, Risto Tiusanen, Eetu Heikkilä, and Janne Sarsama. “Safety Risk Sources of Autonomous Mobile Machines.” Open Engineering 12, no. 1(2022): 977–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0377

Molino, Monica, Claudio G. Cortese, and Chiara Ghislieri. “Technology Acceptance and Leadership 4.0: A Quali-Quantitative Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20(2021): article10845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010845

Neuwirth, Rostam J. “Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices in the Proposed EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA).” Computer Law & Security Review 48, 2023: article 105798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105798

Ostapenko, Leonid, Viktoriia Pasternak, Mykola Kropyvnytskyi, Leontii Chystokletov, and Oleksandra Khytra. “Artificial Intelligence in Labour Re

lations: A Threat to Human Rights or New Opportunities?” Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice 4, no. 57(2024): 531–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.57.2024.4421

Pinto, Ana, Sara Sousa, and Joana Santos. “Relationship Between New Technologies and Burnout: A Systematic Literature Review.” In International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for All. Atlantis Press, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-380-1_25

Ramos, Delfina, Teresa Cotrim, Pedro Arezes, João Baptista, Matilde Rodrigues, and João Leitão. “Frontiers in Occupational Health and Safety Management.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7(2022): article 10759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710759

Rossomakha, Iryna, Oksana Kyrylenko, and Anton Borysiuk. “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market in the World and Particularly in Ukraine.” Economics. Finances. Law 2, 2024: 27–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37634/efp.2024.2.6

Schuett, Jonas. “Risk Management in the Artificial Intelligence Act.” European Journal of Risk Regulation 15, no. 2(2023): 367–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.1

Tawfik, Daniel S., Amrita Sinha, Mohsen Bayat et al. “Frustration with Technology and Its Relation to Emotional Exhaustion Among Health Care Workers: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 7(2021): article e26817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/26817

Trivedi, Priyank, and Fahad M. Alqahtani. “The Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Across High Risk Industries.” Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development 8, no. 10(2024): 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i10.6889

Tyimenko, S.I. “Concept and Essence of European Labor Law.” Southern Ukrainian Legal Journal 4, no. 3(2022): 148–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32850/sulj.2022.4.3.24

Vagaš, Marek. “Safety and Risk Assessment at Automated Workplace.” Technical Sciences and Technologies 4, no. 14(2018): 78–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2018-4(14)-78-84

Vavzhenchuk, Sergiy, and Vladyslav Zhmaka. “Problems of Protection of Labor Rights During Hiring with the Use of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms.” Problems of Legality 164, 2024: 19–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990X.164.288964

Veale, Michael, Kira Matus, and Robert Gorwa. “AI and Global Governance: Modalities, Rationales, Tensions.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 19, no. 1(2023): 255–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-020223-040749