Słowa kluczowe
criminal trial
privacy protection
childhood protection
Jak cytować
Liczba wyświetleń: 127
Liczba pobrań: 121
Abstrakt
Both the Directive 2016/800/EU and the Italian national law on juvenile criminal trial (presidential decree no. 448/1988) aim to provide specific safeguards for young suspects and defendants to protect their fragile and still-developing personality, and to ensure that any crime allegedly committed by the minor is an isolated incident in their past. These safeguards are required throughout criminal proceedings, especially during the trial stage, which can be confusing and overwhelming for a juvenile and may seriously impact their development. The trial phase – along with the precautionary limitation of personal freedom – seems to be the most dangerous procedural segment for children’s personalities. The trial is where the justice ‘play’ comes to life on its main stage, with its whole ritual, language, and characters. When attempting to identify safeguards intended to operate during the trial phase, two main fields seem to emerge: one focuses on the issue of assistance, which has to be more profound due to the unique nature of juvenile personality and experience of life; while the other one aims to protect children’s privacy so that their public image will be shielded as much as possible from the negative consequences of the trial. The article first focuses on these aspects by analysing legal regulations and the jurisprudence. In some cases, Italian legal regulation exceeds European directive standards, serving as a model for other legal systems. However, even though the internal regulation formally matches the EU requirement in some instances, it needs further improvement. Also, in terms of the law in action, the Italian jurisprudential approach sometimes weakens the safeguards provided by law, demonstrating the need for different interpretative solutions that are adequate to respect children’s rights fully. In the light of such issues, the author suggests some exegetical solutions.
Bibliografia
Abbruzzese, S. (2006). Avvocati e giudici onorari, un rapporto difficile. Minorigiustizia 1: 116-126.
Assante, G., Giannino, P., Mazziotti, F. (2000). Manuale di diritto minorile. Bari: Laterza.
Bargis, M. (2021). I soggetti. In M. Bargis (ed.), Procedura penale minorile (pp. 53-81). Torino: Giappichelli.
Bouchard, M. (2005). Il diritto ad una giurisdizione differenziata: punti fermi e orizzonti di una nuova specializzazione. In G. Giostra (ed.), Per uno statuto europeo dell’imputato minorenne (pp. 45–70). Milano: Giuffrè.
Bryan, K., Freer, J., Furlong, C. (2007). Language and communication difficulties in juvenile offenders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 42(5): 505–520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820601053977
Camaldo, L. (2016). Garanzie europee per i minori autori di reato nel procedimento penale: la direttiva 2016/800/UE in relazione alla normativa nazionale. Cassazione penale: 4572-4585.
Ceccarelli, E. (2015). Collegialità e specializzazione del giudice minorile. Minorigiustizia 3: 204-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2015-003019
Ciappi, S., Dalla Chiara, E., Padovani, A., Perali, P., Santagata, B. (2022). A method to measure standard costs of juvenile justice systems: the example of Italy. Youth Justice 1: 21-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420924123
Ciavola, A. (2021). Comment on Article 2 of d.P.R. 448/88. In G. Giostra (ed.), Il processo penale minorile (pp. 29-46). Torino: Giappichelli.
Conti, A. (2021). Collegialità e multidisciplinarietà del Giudice minorile nella giurisprudenza costituzionale a confronto con le scelte della legge 26 novembre 2021, n. 206. Minorigiustizia 3: 77-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2021-003007
Cras, S. (2016). The Directive on Procedural Safeguards for Children who Are Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings: Genesis and Descriptive Comments Relating to Selected Articles. Eucrim 2: 109-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30709/eucrim-2016-014
de Vocht D.L.F., Panzavolta, M., Vanderhallen, M., Oosterhout, M. (2014). Procedural safeguards for juvenile suspects in interrogations: a look at the Commission Proposal in light of an EU Comparative study. New Journal of European Criminal Law 5(4): 480-506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/203228441400500405
de Mause, L. (1974). The History of Childhood. New York: Harper Torchbook.
Fadiga, L. (2009). Un mestiere che cambia: il giudice onorario minorile. Minorigiustizia 1: 32-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2009-001004
Forde, L. (2018). Realising the right of the child to participate in the criminal process. Youth Justice 3: 265-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225418819086
Forza, A. (2005). Il diritto ad una giurisdizione differenziata: punti fermi e orizzonti di una nuova specializzazione. G. Giostra (ed.), Per uno statuto europeo dell’imputato minorenne (pp. 71-92). Milano: Giuffrè.
Gabrielli, C. (2021). Comment on Article 13 of d.P.R. 448/88. In G. Giostra (ed.), Il processo penale minorile (pp. 195-206). Torino: Giappichelli.
Garrido Carrillo, F.J., Jiménez Martín, J. (2021). Guide to good practices in procedural treatment of minor offenders: the procedural guarantees of suspected or accused minors in criminal proceedings. In C. Arangüena Fanego, M. de Hoyos Sancho, A. Hernández López (eds.), Procedural Safeguards for Suspects and Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings Good Practices Throughout the European Union (pp. 73-80). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61177-4_5
Gili, A. (2013). L’analisi dei costi dei percorsi penali dei minori. In La recidiva nei percorsi penali dei minori autori di reato. Report di ricerca (pp. 99-110). Gangemi Editore.
Haines, K., Case, S., Smith, R., Laidler, K.J., Hughes, N., Webster, C., Goddard, T., Deakin, J., Johns, D., Richards, K., Gray, P. (2021). Children and crime: in the moment. Youth Justice 3: 275-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420923762
Hall, I. (2000). Young offenders with a learning disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 6: 278-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.6.4.278
Hughes, N., Chitsabesan, P., Bryan, K., Borschmann, R., Swain, N., Lennox, C., Shaw, J. (2017). Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 58: 1106-1113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12791
Jolliffe, D., Farrington, D.P. (2004), Empathy and offending: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior 9(5): 441-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
Kazdin, A.E. (2000). Adolescent development, mental disorders and decision making of delinquent youths. In T. Grisso, R.G. Shwartz (eds.), Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice (pp. 33-65). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Lorenzetto, E. (2015). Incostituzionale la composizione monocratica del giudice minorile nel rito abbreviato instaurato dopo il decreto di giudizio immediato. Diritto penale contemporaneo, 12 febbraio 2015. https://archiviodpc.dirittopenaleuomo.org/d/3670-incostituzionale-la-composizione-monocratica-del-giudice-minorile-nel-rito-abbreviato-instaurato-do
Magno, G. (2019). Elementi di diritto minorile. Milano: Giuffrè.
Mazza, O. (2021). Comment on Article 33 of d.P.R. 448/88. In G. Giostra (ed.), Il processo penale minorile (pp. 653-666). Giappichelli.
Mazzucato, C. (2008). Commento a Cass. 38481/08. Guida al diritto – Famiglia e minori 11: 60-72.
Mestitz, A. (2003). Le garanzie del diritto di difesa nella realtà del processo penale minorile. Minorigiustizia 2: 300-308.
Muglia, L. (2006). Prospettive di riforma della figura del difensore nel processo penale. Minorigiustizia 1: 109-122.
Muglia, L. (2020). Neuroscienze e reati minorili: categorie penalistiche e psicologia del giudicare. Giustizia insieme. 13 novembre 2020. https://www.giustiziainsieme.it/it/diritto-penale/1357-neuroscienze-e-reati-minorili-categorie-penalistiche-e-psicologia-del-giudicare?hitcount=0
Narvey, C., Yang, J., Wolff, K.T., Baglivio, M., Piquero, A.R. (2019). The interrelationship between empathy and adverse childhood experiences and their impact on juvenile recidivism. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 19(1): 45-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939647
Nelken, D. (2015). Foil comparisons or foiled comparisons: learning from Italian juvenile justice. European Journal of Criminology 12(5): 519-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370815581698
Nosengo, S. (2009). La funzione educativa del processo penale minorile: spunti per una riflessione. Minorigiustizia 4: 164-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2009-004021
Panzavolta, M. (2019). L’enigma del diritto penale minorile comparato. Minorigiustizia 2: 75-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2019-002006
Papini, G. (1932). Sulla gioventù. Il Frontespizio 10: 3-10.
Pazè, P. (2008). L’accompagnamento di un ragazzo al procedimento penale. Minorigiustizia 4: 7-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2008-004001
Pepino, L. (1989). Comment on Article 1. In P. Pazè (ed.), Codice di procedura penale minorile commentato. Esperienze di giustizia minorile, special issue: 17-28.
Pulitanò, D. (2004). Etica della professione di avvocato nella giustizia minorile. https://www.giustiziaefamiglia.org
Radić, I. (2018). Right of the child to information according to the Directive 2016/800/EU on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings. EU And Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC) 2: 468-491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/7122
Radić, I. (2020). Importance of the protection of privacy of juvenile suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings in the context of the EU law. EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC) 4: 576-596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11917
Rap, S.E. (2016). A children’s rights perspective on the participation of juvenile defendants in the youth court. International Journal of Children’s Rights 24(1): 93-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02303006
Rap, S.E., Zlotnik, D. (2018). The right to legal and other appropriate assistance for child suspects and accused: reflections on the Directive on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 26(2): 110-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02602004
Scott, E.S., Steinberg, L.D. (2008). Rethinking Juvenile Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv103xdxp
Sfrappini, P. (2021). Comment on Article 12 of d.P.R. 448/88. G. Giostra (ed.), Il processo penale minorile (pp. 185–194). Torino: Giappichelli.
Siracusano, F. (2015). Giudizio abbreviato richiesto a seguito di giudizio immediato: imprescindibile l’interdisciplinarietà del giudice collegiale minorile. Giurisprudenza costituzionale 1: 9-19.
Steiner, H., Garcia, I.G., Mathews, Z. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36(3): 357-365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199703000-00014
Stern, J.A., Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review 47: 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002
Stone, N. (2010). Old heads upon young shoulders: ‘compassion to human infirmity’ following R v. JTB. Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law 32(3): 287-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2010.520521
Torma, J. (2021). Child interviewing in legal cases: a European perspective. European Integration Studies 17(2): 92-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46941/2021.e2.92-105
Totaro, M.S. (2013). Aspetti quantitativi della recidiva. la ricerca sui percorsi penali dei minori: il piano di indagine statistica e la descrizione dei dati campionari”. In La recidiva nei percorsi penali dei minori autori di reato. Report di ricerca (pp. 52-67). Gangemi Editore.
Vaičiūnienė, R. (ed.) (2020). Individual Assessment of Suspected or Accused Children: Insights into Good Practice in the Light of the Directive (EU) 2016/800. Vilnius: Žara.
Ventura, N. (2008). L’anamnesi endoprocessuale della personalità dell’imputato minorenne. Minorigiustizia 4: 46-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/MG2008-004004
Whittle, S., Simmons, J.G., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Yap, M.B., Sheeber, L., Allen, N.B. (2014). Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 8: 7-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.006
Zhang, D., Barrett, D. E., Katsiyannis, A., Yoon, M. (2011). Juvenile offenders with and without disabilities: risks and patterns of recidivism. Learning and Individual Differences 21(1): 12-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.09.006
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 WPiA UAM
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.