Keywords
silver economy
occupational activity
labour market policy
pensions
wages and salaries
Poland
How to Cite
Number of views: 265
Number of downloads: 187
Abstract
The aim of the article is to determine the economic situation of people aged over 50 and the conditions of their professional activity. The subject of the analysis is the labour market of Poland – an EU Member State and of the OECD, a country that has undergone a political transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The research methods applied in the study included: literature analysis, methods of statistical analysis based on descriptive statistics tools, analysis of variability and logical analysis of cause and effect relationships. To achieve the aim of the article, several research questions were formulated. First of all, these addressed several issues: Is the population aged 50+ in Poland is still professionally active? What are the reasons for the decision to be professionally active or inactive? What factors influence changes in the number of pensioners? Is the situation of people aged 50+ on the Polish labour market different from their situation in other EU countries? The research methods used in this study are: literature analysis, statistical analysis method based on descriptive statistic tools, analysis of variability, and logical analysis of cause and effect relationship. By the way of conclusion, an attempt was also made to compare the situation in Poland with the models of life of the elderly in other European economies of such countries as Czechia, Germany, Sweden and Italy. The main findings were the following: the economic situation of the elderly in Poland deteriorated, their willingness to look for work and activity increased, but unfortunately this search was hindered by significant barriers to accessing the labour market. Recommendations for economic policy include demands to take specific actions to extend professional activity, facilitate access to digital job search methods, and social campaigns to counteract ageism.
References
Ahmed, A.M., Andersson, L., Hammerstedt, M. (2012). Does age matter for employability? A field experiment on ageism in the Swedish labour market. Applied Economics Letters 19(4): 403-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.581199
Angelini, V., Brugiavini, A., Weber, G. (2009). Ageing and unused capacity in Europe: is there an early retirement trap? Economic Policy 24(59): 463-508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2009.00227.x
Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2008). Organizational practices and post-retirement employment experience of older workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology 23: 419-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810869033
Bal, P.M., De Jong, S.B., Jansen, P.G., Bakker, A.B. (2012, March). Motivating employees to work retirement: a multi-level study of the role of i-deals and unit climate. Journal of Management Studies 49: 306-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01026.x
Beehr, T.A., Glazer, S., Nielson, N.L., Farmer, S.J. (2000). Work and nonwork predictions of employees retirement ages. Journal of Vocational Behavior 57: 203-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1736
Bendick, M., Brown, L.E., Kennington, W. (1999). No foot in the door: an experimental study of employer discrimination against older workers. Journal of Aging, Social Policy 10: 5-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v10n04_02
Bendick, M., Jackson, C.W., Romero, J.H. (1996). Employment discrimination against older workers: an experimental study of hiring practices. Journal of Aging, Social Policy 8: 25-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v08n04_03
Błędowski, P. (2013). Aktywność zawodowa osób w starszym wieku [Professional activity of older people]. In M. Kiełkowska, Rynek pracy wobec zmian demograficznych [The Labour Market in the Face of Demographic Changes] (pp. 53-63). Warsaw: Instytut Obywatelski.
Blundell, R., Britton, J., Dias, M.C., French, E. (2016). The Dynamic Effects of Health on the Employment of Older Workers. Michigan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2880691
Calzavara, M., Battini, D., Bogataj, D., Sgarbossa, F., Zennaro, I. (2020). Ageing workforce management in manufacturing systems: state of the art and future research agenda. International Journal of Production Research 58(3): 729-747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1600759
Chałas M. (2021). Graniczne progi starości [Borderline Thresholds of Old Age]. In B. Urbaniak, M. Chałas, P. Szukalski, R. Zimny, R. Błaszczak, M. Zadworna, Trwałość i zmienność procesów starzenia się i starości [Persistence and Variability of Aging and Old Age Processes] (pp. 15-36). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Cho, S.-E., Lee, Y.-M. (2019). Classification of elderly worker before super-aged society on cognition of current job. International Journal of Trade and Markets 2(3/4): 272-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTGM.2019.101566
Crawford, R., Tetlow, G. (2010). Employment, retirement and pensions. In J. Banks, C. Lessof, J. Nazroo, N. Rogers, M. Stafford, A. Steptoe (eds.), Financial circumstances, health and well-being in the older population in England (pp. 11–75). London: The Institute of Fiscal Studies.
Csoba, J., Ladancsik, T. (2022). The Silver Generation on the labour market: work and time menagement of the 65+ age group in North-Eastern Hungary. Journal of Women and Aging 35(4): 319–342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2022.2048591
Grzenda, W. (2019). Socioeconomic aspects of long-term unemployment in the context of the ageing population of Europe: the case of Poland. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 32(1): 1561-1582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1638289
GUS (2022a). Pracujący, bezrobotni i bierni zawodowo (wyniki wstępne Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności) [Employed, unemployed and economically inactive persons (preliminary results of the Polish Labour Force Survey]. Warsaw: GUS.
GUS (2022b). Osoby powyżej 50. roku życia na rynku pracy w 2020 r. Informacje sygnalne [People over 50 on the labour market in 2020. News relase]. Warsaw: GUS.
Hardy, W., Kiełczewska, A., Lewandowski, P., Magda, I. (2018). Job retention among older workers in Central Eastern Europe. Baltic Journal of Economics 18(2): 69-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1406099X.2018.1514562
Heider, S.J., Loughran, D.S. (2010). Elderly labour supply: work or play? In K. Christensen, B. Schneider, Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th Century Jobs for 21st Century Workforce. Cornell.
Jang, H.-Y., Lee, Y.-M. (2020). Investigating the perception of the elderly on the future of labour market. International Journal of Trade and Global Market 13(1): 71-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTGM.2020.104905
Jeruszka, U. (2015). Educational employment support for people aged 55+. Education of Economists and Managers. Problems. Innovations. Projects 53(3): 75-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5256
Jurek, Ł. (2015). Indeks Aktywnego Starzenia się jako narzędzie ewaluacji polityki senioralnej [Active Aging Index as a tool for evaluating senior policy]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 4(315): 43-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.315.04
Kotowska, I.E., Grabowska, I. (2007). Ogólna charakterystyka ludności w wieku 45 lat i więcej na rynku pracy. In Przejście z pracy na emeryturę [General Characteristics of the Population Aged 45 and over on the Labour Market. In Transition From Work to Retirement]. Informacje i Opracowania Statystyczne. Warsaw.
Kryńska, E. (2006). Wydłużanie życia zawodowego na polskim rynku pracy [Extending working life on the Polish labour market]. Polityka Społeczna 9: 1-6.
Kryńska, E. (2015). Srebrny rynek pracy, czyli o sposobach podtrzymywania i przywracania aktywności zawodowej starzejących się zasobów pracy [The silver labour market, or ways of maintaining and restoring professional activity of aging labour resources]. Polityka Społeczna 7: 10-16.
Kryńska, E., Krzyszkowski, J., Urbaniak, B., Wiktorowicz, J. (2013). Diagnoza obecnej sytuacji kobiet i mężczyzn over 50 na rynku pracy w Polsce [Diagnosis of the Current Situation of Women and Men Over 50 on the Labour Market in Poland]. Łódź: Uniwersytet Łódzki.
Kwiatkowska, W. (ed.) (2009). Bezrobocie równowagi w gospodarce polskiej [Equilibrium Unemployment in the Polish Economy]. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Magda, I., Ruzik-Sierdzińska, A. (2012). Sytuacja osób starszych na rynku pracy w Polsce [The situation of older people on labour market in Poland]. Ekonomista 5: 629-644.
McGinty, G. (2016). America’s aging population and slowing economic growth. https://dianerehm.org/shows/2016-08-25/how-americas-aging-population-may-be-slowing-economic-growth
OECD (2016). Ageing and Employment Policies: Poland 2015. OECD. Retrieved January 20, 2020, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/ageing-and-employment-policies-poland-2015_9789264227279-en#page4
Oh, J.-H., Lee, Y.-M., Shim, J.-H. (2017). Preparing ageing workers for future: implication for facilitating middle-aged workforce following the decline of working age population in Korea. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 10(3): 264-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2017.086625
Riach, P.A., Rich, J. (2006). An experimental investigation of age discrimination in the French labour market. IZA Discussion Papers No 2522. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/2522/an-experimental-investigation-of-age-discrimination-in-the-french-labour-market. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956389
Riach, P.A., Rich, J. (2007a). An experimental investigation of age discrimination in the Spanish labour market. IZA Discussion Paper No. 2654.
Riach, P.A., Rich, J. (2007b). An experimental investigation of age discrimination in the English labour market. IZA Discussion Paper No. 3029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.970498
Rogowska, D. (2022). Aktywność zawodowa osób znajdujących się w okresie średniej dorosłości. Wybrane problemy [Professional activity of people in middle adulthood. Selected problems]. Zeszyty Naukowe WSG, Seria: Edukacja-Rodzina-Społeczeństwo 4: 223-235.
Sadowska-Snarska, C. (ed.). (2011). Uwarunkowania utrzymania aktywności zawodowej osób pracujących po 50 roku życia [Conditions for maintaining professional activity of working people after the age of 50]. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej.
Sałustowicz, P. (2019). Wykluczenie osób starszych na przykładzie rynku pracy i kultury [Exclusion of older people on the example of the labor market and culture]. Przegląd Zachodni 4: 47-69.
Shin, M.-H., Lee, Y.-M. (2019). Analyses on the determinants of elderly workers’ plans to retire and desired retirement age. International Journal of Economic Policy and Emerging Economies 12(2): 158-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2019.10021255
Shultz, K.S., Morton, K.R., Weckerle, J.R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees retirement decisions and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 53: 45-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610
Socha, M., Sztanderska, U. (2000). Strukturalne podstawy bezrobocia w Polsce [Structural Basis of Unemployment in Poland]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Staubli, S., Zweimuller, J. (2014). Does raising the early retirement age increase the employment of older workers? Journal of Pubic Economies 108: 17-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003
Van Dalen, H.P., Henkens, K., Oude Mulders, J. (2019). Increasing the public pension age: employers’ concerns and policy preferences. Work, Ageing and Retirement 5(3): 255-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waz004
Vodopivec, M., Finn, D., Laporsec, S., Vodopivec, M., Cvornjek, N. (2019, September). Increasing employment of older workers: addressing labour market obstacles. Journal of Population Ageing 12(3): 273-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-018-9236-4
Wiśniewski, Z. (2009). Determinanty aktywności zawodowej osób starszych [Determinants of Proffessional Activity of Older People]. Toruń: Dom Organizatora.
Wiśniewski, Z., Zawadzki, K. (ed.) (2010). Aktywna polityka rynku pracy w Polsce w kontekście europejskim [Active Labor Market Policy in Poland in the European Context]. Toruń: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika.
License
Copyright (c) 2023 WPiA UAM
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.