Abstract
The article is the result of empirical research undertaken by the authors. Research is based on the study of the content of the logos of local government units (LGU). The authors compare these signs by stating the existence or nonexistence, indicating the same or similar visual elements in the content of the logo, in order to consequently indicate the specificity of the visual identity of cities, municipalities of two voivodeships, Wielkopolska and Silesia. The aim of the research is to discuss the specificity of the visual identification systems of these voivodeships.
The starting point for considerations are theories of territorial marketing and place branding, which seek to understand the importance of promotion in building the identity of a place.
For the purposes of the research, the content of 122 out of 258 LGUs in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship and 104 out of 185 entities in the Silesia Voivodeship were analyzed, i.e., all that by 30.06.2022 were confirmed by the authors as operating in public and virtual space, which makes that the studied sample is equal to the studied population. The analysis used the typology developed by the authors during previous research on the visual identity of local government units, and then the comparative analysis method based on comparable interpretation criteria was applied.
In conclusion, the authors draw conclusions regarding the specificity of the visual presentation of two voivodeships as territorial brands.
References
Adams S., Morioka N. 1994. Logo design workbook: a hands-on guide to creating logos. Rockport Publishers, Gloucester, Mass.
Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Dzik P. 2017. Tożsamość wizualna polskich województw, miast i powiatów. Identyfikacja, prezentacja, znaczenie. Adam Marszałek & ASP w Katowicach, Toruń-Katowice.
Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Dzik P. 2017. Logo w komunikacji marketingowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Marketing i Rynek, 10: 26-42.
Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Dzik P. 2018. Kraj bez ludzi. Motywy graficzne w identyfikacji wizualnej polskich jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. [W:] A. Krawczyk-Łaskarzewska, A. Naruszewicz-Duchlińska, M. Cichmińska (red.), Postać w kulturze wizualnej. T. 2. Obraz i słowa. Katedra Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie, Olsztyn.
Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Dzik P. 2019. "Welcome signs" in public space: separation and identity. On the w@terfront, 61/4: 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1344/waterfront2019.61.6.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/waterfront2019.61.6.4
Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Dzik P. 2022. Double Visual Identity of the Place Brand: Coat of Arms & Logo. The case of Poland. [W:] B. Casais, A.M. Soares (red.), Uniting Marketing Efforts for the Common Good: a challenge for four sectors. Springer, Cham (w druku).
Anholt S. 2006. Sprawiedliwość marek. Instytut Marki Polskiej, Warszawa.
Ashworth G.J. 2009. The Instruments of Place Branding: How Is It Done? European Spatial Research and Policy, 16, 1: 9-22. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0001-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0001-9
Augustyn A. 2008. Kreowanie wizerunku jednostek terytorialnych w procesie rozwoju lokalnego na przykładzie miast województwa podlaskiego. Białostocka Fundacja Kształcenia Kadr, Białystok.
Balmer J.M.T., Gray E.R. 2003. Corporate brands: what are they? What of them? European Journal of Marketing, 37, 7/8: 972-997. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310477627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310477627
Bańczyk M. 2009. Uwarunkowania kulturowe i dizajn w kształtowaniu wartości marki narodowej. Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu, Wydział Zarządzania, Poznań.
Barke M., Harrop K. 1994. Selling the industrial town: Identity, image and illusion. [W:] J.R. Gold, S.V. Ward (red.), Place promotion. John Wiley & Sons Chichester, UK, s. 93-114.
Barthes R. 1985. Retoryka obrazu. Pamiętnik Literacki, 76/3: 289-302.
Berrada M. 2018. Towards a Holistic Place Branding Model: A Conceptual Model Proposal. Chinese Business Review, 17(5): 223-237. https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1506/2018.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1506/2018.05.002
Bierwiaczonek K., Nawrocki T. 2017. Przestrzeń publiczna a tożsamość miejsca, miasta i mieszkańców. [W:] K. Bierwiaczonek, M. Dymnicka, K. Kajdanek, T. Nawrocki (red.), Miasto. Przestrzeń. Tożsamość. Studium trzech miast: Gdańsk, Katowice, Wrocław. Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR, Warszawa.
Boisen M., Teerlouw K., Groote P., Couwenberg O. 2018. Reframing place promotion, place marketing, and place branding - moving beyond conceptual confusion. Cities, 80: 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.021
Boisen M., Teerlouw K., van Gorp B. 2011. The selective nature of place branding and the layering of spatial identities. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4, 2: 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111153151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111153151
Borgerson J.L., Schroeder J.E. 2005. Identity in Marketing Communications: An Ethics of Visual Representation. [W:] A.J. Kimmel (red.), Marketing Communication: New Approaches, Technologies, And Styles. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Campelo A. 2017. The state of art: from country-of-origin to strategies for economic development. [W:] A. Campelo (red.), Handbook on Place Branding and Marketing. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, s. 3-21. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718602.00010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718602.00010
Colomb C. 2017. Place marketing and branding in (Anglophone) urban studies and urban political economy: a critical review. Γεωγραφίες/Geographies, 30: 41-52.
Dupre K. 2018. Trends and gaps in place-making in the context of urban development and tourism: 25 years of literature review. Journal of Place Management and Development.
Evamy M. 2007. Logo. Przewodnik dla projektantów. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa
Florek M. 2007. Podstawy marketingu terytorialnego. Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu, Poznań.
Foss S.K. 2018. Rhetorical Criticism. Exploration and Practice. Vth. ed. Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill.
Gaski J.A. 2020. A history of brand misdefinition - with corresponding implications for mismeasurement and incoherent brand theory. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29/4: 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2124
Giovanardi M., Kavaratzis M., Lichrou M. 2019. Critical Perspectives on Place Marketing. [W:] M. Tadajewski, M. Higgins, J. Denegri-Knott, R. Varman (red.), The Routledge Companion to Critical Marketing. Routledge, London, s. 115-134. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315630526-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315630526-7
Giza A. 2017. Uczeń czarnoksiężnika, czyli społeczna historia marketingu. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa. https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323525417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323525417
Glińska E., Florek M., Kowalewska A. 2009. Wizerunek miasta. Od koncepcji do wdrożenia. Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
Glińska E. 2016. Budowanie marki miasta. Koncepcje, warunki, modele. Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
Hanna S., Rowley J. 2007. An analysis of terminology use in place branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4: 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000084
Healey M. 2010. Deconstructing Logo Design. 300+ International Logos Analyzed & Explained. RotoVision, Mies.
Helmy M. 2008. Urban Branding Strategies and the Emerging Arab Cityscape: The Image of the Gulf City. Stadtebau-Institut Universitat Stuttgart, Stuttgart.
Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz J., Gryszkiewicz B. 2007. Komunikacja marketingowa w turystyce. Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice.
Järlehead J. 2020. Alphabet city: orthographic differentiation and branding in late capitalist cities (10.13140/RG.2.2.36296.26886; dostęp: 20.06.2020).
Kalandides A. 2012. Place Branding and Place Identity. An Integrated Approach. Tafter Journal, 43: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpmd.2012.35505aaa.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331211209068
Kapferer J.-N. 2012. The New Strategic Brand Management. Vth ed. Kogan Page Limited, London.
Kavaratzis M. 2004. From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1: 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990005
Kavaratzis M. 2009. Cities and their brands: Lessons from corporate branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5, 1: 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2008.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2008.3
Kavaratzis M. 2011. From City Marketing to City Branding (http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/rw/2008/m.kavaratzis/).
Kochan M. 2005. Slogany w reklamie i polityce. Trio, Warszawa.
Lewicka M. 2012. Psychologia miejsca. Scholar, Warszawa.
Lucarelli A., Berg P.O. 2011. City branding: a state of-the-art review of the research domain. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1): 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111117133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111117133
Moilanen T., Rainisto S. 2009. How to Brand Nations, Cities and Destinations. Palgrave MacMillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584594
Mollerup P. 2013. Marks of Excellence. Phaidon Press, London.
Ossowski S. 1984. Analiza socjologiczna pojęcia ojczyzny. [W:] S. Ossowski, O ojczyźnie i narodzie. Warszawa.
Paasi A. 1991. Deconstructing Regions: Notes on the Scales of Spatial Life. Environment and Planning, A, 23: 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1068/a230239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a230239
Paasi A. 2003. Region and place: regional identity in question. Progress in Human Geography, 27/4: 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph439pr DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph439pr
Pogorzelski J. 2012. Praktyczny marketing miast i regionów. Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.
Rudolf W. 2016. Marketing terytorialny w ujęciu relacyjnym. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź. https://doi.org/10.18778/8088-289-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/8088-289-8
Rudolf W., Wrześniewska-Szymańska A. 2018. Herby i logotypy małych miast - bliżej tradycji czy współczesności. Space - Society - Economy, (24): 59-74. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.24.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.24.04
Sagan I. 2007. Teorie rozwoju regionalnego i ich praktyczne zastosowanie. [W:] G. Gorzelak, A. Tucholska (red.), Rozwój, region, przestrzeń. Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego, Warszawa, s. 91-108.
Sekera J.A. 2016. The Public Economy in Crisis. A Call for a New Public Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40487-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40487-5
Siuciak M. 2010. Język śląski - problem terminologiczny czy społeczny? Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, (10): 267-277. https://doi.org/10.15290/baj.2010.10.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15290/baj.2010.10.19
da Silva C.M. 2018. Geodiversity and Sense of Place: Local Geological Elements in Portuguese Municipal Heraldry. Geoheritage, 11: 949-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-00344-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-00344-z
Skinner H. 2011. In search of the genius loci: The essence of a place brand. The Marketing Review, 11, 3: 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934711X589471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1362/146934711X589471
Skinner H. 2021. Place Branding - The Challenges of Getting It Right: Coping with Success and Rebuilding from Crises. Tourism and Hospitality, 2: 173-189. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010010
Stanowicka-Traczyk A. 2008. Kształtowanie wizerunku miasta na przykładzie miast polskich. Oficyna Wydawnicza Branta, Bydgoszcz-Olsztyn.
Sturken M., Cartwright L. 2018. Practices of Looking. An Introduction to Visual Culture. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Szarucki M. 2010. Metodyka analizy porównawczej w badaniach międzynarodowych. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, 827: 51-66.
Szromnik A. 2010. Marketing terytorialny. Miasto i region na rynku. Wyd. III. Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
Szromnik A. 2012. Marketing terytorialny. Miasto i region na rynku. Wyd IV. Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
Urde M., Greyser S.A., Balmer J.M.T. 2007. Corporate brands with the heritage. Brand Management, 15, 1: 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550106
Vanolo A. 2017. City Branding. The Ghostly Politics of Representation in Globalising Cities. Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315660660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315660660
Vuignier R. 2017. Place branding & place marketing 1976-2016: A multidisciplinary literature review. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 14/4: 447-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-017-0181-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-017-0181-3
Wheeler A. 2010. Kreowanie marki. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Znamierowski A. 2017. Heraldyka i weksylologia. Wydawnictwo Arkady, Warszawa.
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Anna Adamus-Matuszyńska, Piotr Dzik
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.