Keywords
political transformation
city resilience
urban development
model of the city
How to Cite
Abstract
The greenery and water structure, in the form of wedges cutting into the city, is a characteristic and unique element of Poznań’s urban model. Already before the Second World War, it became the matrix setting the framework for spatial and natural connections within and around the city. These areas were originally clearly demarcated and formed an organic network that permeated the built-up areas. It was this local network of linkages that was to have the greatest impact on the quality of urban living, climate improvement, biodiversity and the functional and spatial structure of the city.
In the idea of the socialist city, ensuring access to green spaces for the masses, was one of the essential policy elements of the time. However, over time, in the various models of the city proposed by successive planners, these interconnections began to disappear and the individual bands were narrowed and sometimes discontinued altogether.
This study aims to verify the urban planning models of the city of Poznań against the original idea of a wedge-ring system of greenery and water areas, before and after the political transformation in 1989.
How does this original structure function today and how have the socio-economic changes that followed the fall of communism affect the greenery and water solutions proposed in the new city model?
A comparative analysis of changes in green and water structure in the different spatial models of the city of Poznań, before and after the political transformation, makes it possible to observe the pace and directions of these changes. The analysis was based on the findings of the then-current master plans and on the studies of spatial development conditions and directions, which are an expression of the city’s spatial policy. It can be used to verify the assumptions made or even to change the current model of the city.
References
Ahern J.S., Cilliers S., Niemela J. 2014. The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Adaptive Urban Planning and Design: a Framework for Supporting Innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125: 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020
Anguluri R., Narayanan P. 2017. Role of green space in urban planning: Outlook towards smart cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 25: 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.04.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.04.007
Beer A.R. and COSTC11 research group. 2000. Green structures and Urban Planning. European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/gloss.htm#comp; accessed: 22.04.2022).
Bielecki K. 1997. Gra w miasto (Playing the city). Fundacja Dom Dostępny, Warsaw.
Bonenberg W. 2011. Urban sprawl jako zagrożenie tożsamości miasta (Urban sprawl as a threat to the city's identity). Architecture and Urbanism, Scientific papers of Poznan University of Technology, 23: 8-14.
Burgess R. 2000. The compact city debate: A global perspective. [In:] R. Burgess, M. Jenks (eds.), Compact city. Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, p. 9-24. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203478622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203478622
Capasso Da Silva D., King D.A., Lemar S. 2020. Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal. Sustainability, 12, 1: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010129
Chen W.Y., Jim C.Y. 2008. Assessment and Valuation of the Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Forests. [In:] M.M. Carriero, Y.C. Song, J. Wu (eds.), Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests. International Perspectives. Springer, New York, p. 53-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71425-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71425-7_5
Czarnecki W. 1961. Planowanie miast i osiedli. Vol. 3. Tereny zielone (Cities and districts planning, Vol. 3: Green areas). PWN, Warsaw.
European Council of Town Planners. 2003. The New Charter of Athens 2003. The European Council of Town Planners' Vision for Cities in the 21st century (http://projects.mcrit.com/foresightlibrary/docs/habitat/policies/2003_New_Charter_of_Athens.pdf; accessed: 10.03.2022).
Flint A. 2014. Modern Man. The Life of Le Corbusier, Architect of Tomorrow. Amazon Publishing.
Gawlikowski A. 1988. Czy planowanie miejscowe może być skuteczne? (Can local planning be effective?). PWN, Warsaw, Lodz, p. 152-153.
Gzell S. 2013. Urbanistyka współczesna XXI wieku (Urbanism for the 21st century). PWN, Warsaw.
Halland Ch., van den Bosch C.K. 2015. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4): 760-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009
Harvey D. 2012. Rebel Cities. From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso, London.
Hesslerová P., Pokorný J., Huryna H., Seják J., Jirka V. 2022. The impacts of greenery on urban climate and the options for use of thermal data in urban areas. Progress in Planning, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100545
James P., Tzoulas K., Adams M.D., Barber A., Box J., Breuste J., Elmqvist T., Frith M., Gordon C., Greening K.L., Handley J., Haworth S., Kazmierczak A.E., Johnston M., Korpela K., Moretti M., Niemela J., Pauleit S., Roe M.H., Sadler J.P., Thomson C.W. 2009. Towards an Integrated Understanding of Green Space in the European Built Environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8(2): 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.02.001
Januchta-Szostak A. 2011. Woda w miejskiej przestrzeni publicznej. Modelowe formy zagospodarowania wód opadowych i powierzchniowych (Water in the urban public space. A model forms of rainwater and surface water management). Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, p. 124.
Kaplan R., Kaplan S., Ryan R.L. 1998. With People in Mind: Design and Management of Everyday Nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C., Covelo, California, p. 10-16.
Kattwinkel M., Biedermann R., Kleyer M. 2012. Temporary Conservation for Urban Biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 144(9): 2335-2343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.012
Kodym-Kozaczko G. 2017. Urbanistyka Poznania w XX wieku: przestrzeń, ludzie, idee. Wydział Architektury Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań, p. 84-87.
Kodym-Kozaczko G., Kozaczko M. 2009. Master plan for Poznań (1931-39) as Compared with European Theory and Practice of City Development. [In:] R. Hirsch, M. Soltysiak, W.J. Affeld (eds.), Modernism in Europe: modernism in Gdynia: Architecture of 1920s and 1930s and Its protection, p. 105-114 (https://www.gdynia.pl/storage/__old/gdynia.pl/g2/2012_11/60543_fileot.pdf; accessed: 21.03.2022).
Kotus J. 2006. Changes in the Spatial Structure of a Large Polish City - the Case of Poznań. Cities, 23(5): 364-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.02.002
Le Corbusier, Giraudoux J., De Villeneuve J. 1943. La Charte d'Athènes. Plon, Paris.
Lidmo J., Bagson A., Turunen E. 2020. The legal framework and national policies for urban greenery and green values in urban areas. Nordregio, Stockholm. https://doi.org/10.6027/R2020:3.1403-2503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6027/R2020:3.1403-2503
Liu C.F., Li X.M. 2012. Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Urban Forests in Shenyang, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(2): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.03.002
Lynch K. 1984. Good city form. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 376.
Madureira H., Andreson T. 2012. Planning for Multifunctional Urban Green Infrastructures: Promises and Challenges. Urban Design International, 19(1): 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2013.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2013.11
Mierzejewska L. 2001. Tereny zieleni w strukturze przestrzennej Poznania (The green areas in the spatial structure of Poznań). Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Poznań, p. 106-107.
Mikuła Ł., Maćkiewicz B. 2015. Funkcje mieszkaniowe i gospodarcze (Housing and economic functions). [In:] T. Kaczmarek (ed.), Koncepcja kierunków rozwoju przestrzennego metropolii Poznań (The concept of spatial development directions of the Poznań metropolis). CBM Uniwersytetu im. Adam Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Poznań, p. 323.
Moreno C. 2020. Droit de cite, de la "ville-monde" a la "ville du quart dheure". De l'Observatoire.
MPU (Municipal spatial planning department). 2014. Studium uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego miasta Poznania (Poznań Master Plan) (http://www.mpu.pl/plany.php?s=6&p=294; accessed: 30.05.2016).
MPU (Municipal spatial planning department). 1994. Miejscowy plan ogólny zagospodarowania przestrzennego miasta Poznania (Poznań Master Plan) (https://bip.poznan.pl/bip/uchwaly/uchwala-nr-x-58-ii-94-z-dnia-1994-12-06,7497; accessed: 16.06.2022).
Mumford E.P. 2002. The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 73-90.
O'Sullivan F. 2021. Make Way for the 'One-Minute City'. Bloomberg CityLab (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-01-05/a-tiny-twist-on-street-design-the-one-minute-city; accessed: 1.12.2022).
Parysek J.J., Mierzejewska L. 2006. Poznań. Cities, 23(4): 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.04.001
Perry C. 1939. Housing for the Mechanic Age. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Polyák L. 2017. Aktorzy tworzący miasto (Actors who creates a city). Autoportret. Pismo o Dobrej Przestrzeni, 1(56). Małopolski Instytut Kultury, Kraków (https://autoportret.pl/artykuly/aktorzy-tworzacy-miasto/?numer=planowanie/; accessed: 28.03.2022).
Ptaszycka A. 1950. Open space is cities. Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, Poznań, p. 74-77.
Raszeja E., Gałecka-Drozda A. 2015. Współczesna interpretacja idei poznańskiego systemu zieleni miejskiej w kontekście strategii miasta zrównoważonego (A contemporary interpretation of the concept of the Poznań urban green system in view of the sustainable city strategy). Studia Miejskie, 3: 76-83 (https://obserwatorium.miasta.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/S_Miejskie_19_2015-Raszeja.pdf; accessed: 10.11.2022).
Relph E.C. 1987. The modern urban landscape. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 62-65.
Russo A., Cirella G.T. 2018. Modern Compact Cities: How Much Greenery Do We Need? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15(10): 2180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102180
Sandström U.G. 2002. Green Structure and Biological Diversity in Swedish Urban Environment. Centre for Housing and Urban Research Series Report, 53. Courtesy of Örebro City Planning Department, The Municipality of Örebro.
Sepioł J. 2014. Rekomendacje (Recomendation). [In:] R. Gadomska (ed.), Przestrzeń życia Polaków (Poland's people life space). SARP, Warsaw, p. 173-200 (https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/8864/sepiol_przestrzen_zycia_polakow_2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; accessed: 10.04.2022).
Sobczyńska U. 2014. Zieleń jako element współczesnego miasta i jej rola w przestrzeniach publicznych Poznania (Greenery as an element of contemporary city and its role of public space of Poznań). Repozytorium Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań, p. 13-31.
Swyngedouw E. 2005. Governance Innovation and the Citizen: The Janus Face of Governance-beyond-the-State. Urban Studies, 42(11): 1991-2006 https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500279869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500279869
(https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic793411.files/Wk%2013_Dec%203rd/Swyngedouw_2005_Governance%20Innovation%20and%20Citizen.pdf; accessed: 13.04.2022).
Szejnfeld M. 2019. Poszukiwanie modelu miasta. Zmiany struktury przestrzennej Poznania po 1945 roku. Pasmo północne jako studium przypadku (Searching for a model of the city. The changes of the spatial structure of the city of Poznań after 1945. The northern band of development as a case study) (https://repo.pw.edu.pl/info/phd/WUT0eceab41f53a4ecb8c5ec64271060146/Szczeg%C3%B3%C5%82y+rekordu+%E2%80%93+Poszukiwanie+modelu+miasta.+Zmiany+struktury+przestrzennej+Poznania+po+1945+roku.+Pasmo+p%C3%B3%C5%82nocne+jako+studium+przypadku+%E2%80%93+Politechnika+Warszawska?r=phd&ps=20&tab=&lang=pl; accessed: 11.11.2022).
The Charter of the New Urbanism. 1993. Pp. 59-88 (https://mredu.arc.miami.edu/_assets/pdf/charter_book.pdf; accessed: 2.12.2022).
The Spatial Planning and Development Act. 2022
(https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20030800717/U/D20030717Lj.pdf; accessed: 10.06.2022).
Urbański P., Krzyżaniak M., Rydzewska A. 2009. Zieleń Poznania i innych miast w Polsce (Greenery of Poznań and other Polish cities). Science Nature Technologies, 3(1): 1-10 (http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/pub/art_3_44.pdf; accessed: 23.03.2022).
Waterhout B., Othengrafen F., Sykes O. 2013. Neo-liberalization processes and spatial planning in France, Germany, and the Netherlands: An exploration. Planning Practice and Research, 28(1): 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.699261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.699261
Wejchert K. 2008. Elementy kompozycji urbanistycznej (Elements of urban composition). Arkady, Warsaw.
Wlodarczyk D. 2007. Intriduction. [In:] D. Wlodarczyk (ed.), Green Structure in the Sustainable City. Baltic University Press, p. 9.
WPU (Provincial spatial planning department). Miejscowy perspektywiczny plany ogólny zagospodarowania przestrzennego miasta Poznania (Poznań Master Plan). State Archive in Poznań.
Zachariasz A. 2006. Zieleń jako współczesny czynnik miastotwórczy ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli parków publicznych (Greenery as an contemporary city-formative factor, with a special focus on the role of public parks). Krakow University of Technology, Krakow, p. 124.
Zwierzchowska I., Fagiewicz K., Poniży L., Lupa P., Mizgajski A. 2019. Introducing nature-based solutions into urban policy - facts and gaps. Case study of Poznań. Land Use Policy, 85: 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.025
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Marta Szejnfeld
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.