Abstract
The article analyses the space of literary silence as a specific, metaphorical and intelectual space, an idea derived from Pierre Nora’s concept of “space of memory” (1984). In the context of sociocriticism and geopoetics reflexions, we analyse the silence in the literature of Angola and Equatorial Guinea searching the difference between the unspoken due to political and ideological reasons, prohibitions or taboos and the unspoken related to the impossibility to speak about the traumatic experiences suffered by African colective and cultural subject (Edmond Cros). We focus on the unspoken as post-traumatic amnesia in the works of José Eduardo Agualusa and Pepetela from Angola and in the novels and tales of Leoncio Evita Enoy and Donato Ndongo Bidyogo from Equatorial Guinea. The conclusion is that the space of silence in these texts is the result of a post-traumatic disorder caused by trans-Atlantic slave trade.
References
Agualusa, J.E. (1996). A estação das chuvas. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.
Agualusa, J.E. (2004). O vendedor de passados. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.
Agualusa, J.E. (2014). A Rainha Ginga. E de como os africanos inventaram o mundo. Lisboa: Quetzal.
Agualusa, J.E. (2017). A sociedade dos sonhadores involuntários. Lisboa: Quetzal.
Bachelard, G. (1957). Poétique de l’espace. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Balcerzan, E. (1997). Niewyrażalne czy nie wyrażone?. Teksty Drugie, 3, 5-19.
Birmingham, D. (1965). A conquista portuguesa de Angola. Trans. A. Ribeiro & S. Moutinho. Porto: A regra do jogo.
Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1893 [1956]). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 37, 8-13.
Cardoso, B. (2021). Margens e travessias. Lisboa: Editora Guerra e Paz.
Caruth, C. (1995). Trauma: Exploration In Memory. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins Univeristy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9781421413525
Chicharro, A. (2012). Entre lo dado y lo creado. Una aproximación a los estudios sociocriticos. Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego, Instytut Studiów Iberyjskich i Iberoamerykańskich UW.
Cros, E. (2005). Le sujet culturel, sociocritique et psychoanalyse. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Crossariol, I.M. (2009). Quando o subalterno deseja falar: o escravo e a história revista em A Gloriosa Família, de Pepetela. Revista de Letras, 11/10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3895/rl.v0n11.2439
Evita Enoy, L. (1953). Cuando los combes luchaban. Madrid: Idea.
Glenn, Ch. (2004). Unspoken. A Rhetoric of Silence. Carbondale, Illinois, Southern Illinois: University Press.
Griffiths, R. (1990). Pausology and Listening Comprehension: Theory, Research, and Practice. JALT Journal, 12, 1. https://jalt-publications.org/jj/articles/2690-pausology-and-listening-comprehension--theory-research-and-practice [acesso: 21.12.2022].
Heidegger, M. (2002). Ser e Tempo. Parte I. Trans. M. de Sá Cavalcante. 11 ed. Petrópolis: Vozes. (O orignal publicado em 1927).
Heidegger, M. (2003). Construir, habitar, pensar. In M. Heidegger, Ensaios e Conferências. Trans. M. de Sá Cavalcante Schuback (pp. 125-142). Petrópolis: Vozes. (O original publicado em 1952).
Kalamaras, G. (1994). Reclaiming the Tacit Dimension. Symbolic Form in the Rhetoric of Silence. New York: State University of NY Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/358442
Kandjimbo, L. A literatura continua um instrumento de luta em Angola?, 02.07.2021. https://www.dw.com/pt-002/a-literatura-continua-um-instrumento-de-luta-em-angola/a-58136409 [acesso: 28.11.2022].
Kojder, A. & Sowa, K.Z. (eds.) (2000). Los i wybór. Dziedzictwo i perspektywy społeczeństwa polskiego. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.
Korwin-Piotrowska, D. (2015). Białe znaki. Milczenie w strukturze i znaczeniu utworów narracyjnych. Kraków: WUJ.
Lacan, J. (1967). O Seminário. Livro 14 “A lógica do fantasma”, aula de 12 de abril de 1967. (Inédito).
LaCapra, D. (2001). Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Malcuzynski, M.-P. (1991) Sociocríticas. Prácticas textuales. Culturas de fronteras. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Małcużyński, M.-P. (1992). Entre-dialogues avec Bakhtine ou la sociocritique de la (dé)raison polyphonique. Amsterdam: Rodopi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004655942
Małcużyński, M.-P. (1997-1998). A propósito de la sociocrítica. Acta Poética (UNAM), 18/19, 189-218.
M’baré, N. (2008). Geografias postcoloniales de la memoria. Guinea y el discurso colonial en España. In R.M. Meidna Doménech, B. Molina Rueda & M. García-Miguel (eds.), Memoria y reconstrucción de la Paz. Enfoques multidisciplinares en contextos mundiales (pp. 69-91). Granada: Catarata.
Mendonca, J.L. (2014). O Reino das casuarinas. Alfragide: Caminho.
Miranda, M.G. de (2013). A política da utopia em Pepetela. Revista Diadorim / Revista de Estudos Linguísticos e Literários do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Vernáculas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 13, Julho 2013. http://www.revistadiadorim.letras.ufrj.br [acesso: 12.11.2022].
Ndongo Bidyogo, D. (1977). La travesía. In D. Ndongo Bidyogo, Nueva narrativa guineana. Madrid: U.R.G.E.
Neto, A. (1977). Consciencialização, (em) Sagrada Esperança. Luanda: União dos Escritores Angolanos.
Nora, P. (1984). Les lieux de memoire. Paris: Gallimard.
Ondjaki (2013). Os transparentes. Lisboa: Caminho.
Pepetela (1980a). A revolta na casa dos Ídolos. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Pepetela (1980b). Mayombe. Luanda: União dos Escritores Angolanos.
Pepetela (1984). Yaka. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.
Pepetela (1989). Lueji. O Nascimento de um Império. Luanda: União dos Escritores Angolanos.
Pepetela (1992). A geração da utopia. Lisboa: Dom. Quixote.
Pepetela (1997). A gloriosa familia: o tempo dos flamengos. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.
Pepetela (2005). Predadores. Lisboa: Dom Quixote.
Recalcati, M. (2004). A questão preliminar na época do Outro que não existe. Latusa Digital, 1, 7, 1-12, jul. 2004.
Reik, T. (1926). Écouter avec la troisième oreille. Paris: Editions Desclée de Brouwer.
Ribeiro, D. (2020). O lugar da fala. São Paulo: Jandeira.
Seltzer, M. (1997). Wound Culture: Trauma In the Pathological Public Sphere. October, 80, 3-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/778805
Spivak, G.Ch. (2010). Pode o subalterno falar?. Trans. S.R. Goulart Ameida, M. Pereira Feitosa & A. Pereira Feitosa. Belos Horizonte: Editora UFMG. (O original publicado em 1988).
Sztompka, P. (2000). Trauma kulturowa: druga strona zmiany społecznej. In A. Kojder & K.Z. Sowa, Los i wybór. Dziedzictwo i perspektywy społeczeństwa polskiego (pp. 67-83). Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.
Visser, I. (2011). Trauma Theory and Postcolonial Literary Studies. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 47, 3, 270-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2011.569378
White, K. (1994). Le Plateau de l’albatros: Introduction à la géopoétique. Paris: Grasset.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)