Abstract
Different philosophers pondered on Proust’s novel, including those who formulated a subtle hypothesis that philosophical thought that emerged from the novel went beyond the passages of philosophical character that could be found in Proust’s work. It is difficult to determine precisely Proust’s approach towards the novel which he, alternately, favors or disdains. A hypothesis has been formulated that In Search of Lost Time shapes the fiction in the style of Shelling’s and Schopenhauer’s philosophy; it is pointed out that the novelist developed a kind of rivalry between him and his second cousin Bergson. Proust received a thorough education in philosophy yet philosophy is only present in his novel in an anecdotal form. The debate that he starts between idealism and philosophical realism in his prose takes the form of a discussion between symbolism and naturalism. The reconstruction of Proust’s philosophical culture leads to the observation that it is, without a doubt, significantly influenced in different ways by two philosophers: Leibniz and Kant. Still, the writer does not admit to being impacted by any particular thinker; therefore, his narrator’s line of thought is constantly changing in such a way that any school of philosophical thought that appears in the novel is present only for a short while.References
BOUTROUX, ÉMILE (1960). La Philosophie de Kant. Cours professé à la Sorbonne en 1896-1897 [1894-1896 en fait]. Paris : Vrin.
BROCHARD, VICTOR (1879). De l’erreur. Paris : Berger-Levrault.
BROCHARD, VICTOR (1884). De la croyance. Revue philosophique, n° 7, juillet, 1-23.
BROCHARD, VICTOR (1912). Études de philosophie ancienne et de philosophie moderne, recueillies et précédées d’une introduction par Victor Delbos. Paris : Félix Alcan.
DESCARTES (1877). Discours de la méthode, éd. pour les élèves du baccalauréat, préparée par Élie Rabier. Paris : Charles Delagrave.
DESCARTES (1881). Discours de la méthode et Première méditation. Nouvelle édition avec une notice biographique, une analyse, des notes historiques et philosophiques, des éclaircissements sur la méthode et les principaux points de la philosopie cartésienne, des extraits des autres ouvrages, par Victor Brochard. Paris : Germer Baillière et Cie, coll. « Bibliothèque classique d’ouvrages philosophiques ».
DESCARTES (1888). Discours de la méthode. Nouvelle édition publiée avec une introduction et des notes par Thomas Victor Charpentier. Paris : Hachette.
DESCOMBES, VINCENT (1987). Proust – philosophie du roman. Paris : Éditions de Minuit.
FAŸ, BERNARD (1966). Les Précieux. Paris : Librairie Académique Perrin.
FRAISSE, LUC (1990). L’Œuvre cathédrale – Proust et l’architecture médiévale. Paris : Corti. Rééd. (2014). Paris : Classiques Garnier.
FRAISSE, LUC (2012). Les vices et les vertus de Padoue : Proust et le problème de l’allégorie. Revue d’Histoire littéraire de la France, 2, 421-430.
FRAISSE, LUC (2013). L’Éclectisme philosophique de Marcel Proust. Paris : PUPS, « Lettres françaises ».
HENRY, ANNE (1981). Marcel Proust – théorie pour une esthétique. Paris : Klincksieck.
JANET, PAUL (1897). Principes de métaphysique et de psychologie. Leçons professées à la Faculté des Lettres de Paris, 2 vol. Paris : Charles Delagrave.
JANET, PAUL & SÉAILLES, GABRIEL (1887, rééd. 1894). Histoire de la philosophie. Les problèmes et les écoles. Paris : Charles Delagrave.
LACHELIER, JULES (1896). Du fondement de l’induction suivi de Psychologie et métaphysique. Paris : Félix Alcan.
LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (1881). La Monadologie, avec une introduction d’Émile Boutroux. Paris : Charles Delagrave.
LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (1886). Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain, préface et livre premier, publiés, avec introduction et notes par Émile Boutroux. Paris : Charles Delagrave.
MÂLE, ÉMILE (1898). L’Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France. Paris : Ernest Leroux.
MARCHAISSE, THIERRY (2009). Comment Marcel devient écrivain. Paris, Éditions Epel.
NOAILLES, ANNA DE (1931). Un souvenir de Marcel Proust. In Correspondance générale de Marcel Proust, Lettres à la comtesse de Noailles (1901-1919). Paris : Plon.
PROUST, MARCEL (2013). Œuvres complètes, éd. Luc Fraisse. Paris : Classiques Garnier, « Bibliothèque de littérature du XXe siècle ».
PROUST, MARCEL (1970-1993). Correspondance, éd. établie, annotée et présentée par Philip Kolb, 21 vol. Paris : Plon.
PROUST, MARCEL (1971). Essais et articles, publiés avec Contre Sainte Beuve et Pastiches et mélanges par Pierre Clarac et Yves Sandre, Paris : Gallimard, « Bibliothèque de la Pléiade ».
PROUST, MARCEL (1987-1989). À la recherche du temps perdu, édition réalisée sous la direction de Jean-Yves Tadié, 4 vol. Paris : Gallimard, « Bibliothèque de la Pléiade ».
PROUST, MARCEL (2002). Carnets, édition établie, annoée et présentée par Florence Callu et Antoine Compagnon. Paris : Gallimard.
PROUST, MARCEL. Cahiers 1 à 75, Bibliothèque nationale de France (NAF-16641-16702 et NAF 18313-18325).
PROUST, ROBERT (1923, 1er janvier). Marcel Proust intime. Hommage à Marcel Proust, La NRF, no 112.
RABIER, ÉLIE (1884 et 1886). Leçons de philosophie, t. I, Psychologie, t. II, Logique. Paris : Hachette.
REINACH, JOSEPH (1915-1919). Les Commentaires de Polybe, 19 vol. Paris : Bibliothèque Charpentier-Eugène Fasquelle.
ROUDAUT, JEAN (2012). En quête d’un nom. Écho à quelques citations de « À la recherche du temps perdu ». Chêne-Bourg : La Dogana.
SÉAILLES, GABRIEL (1883). Essai sur le génie dans l’art. Paris : Germer Baillière.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)