Abstract
With the development of political communication over the Internet, a growing number of the French politicians are posting online their New Year’s Messages, which have been so far a genre of political discourse reserved for the President. These speeches have a similar pattern, which apart from wishes include an evaluation of the passing year and plans for the future. This is so, because the New Year’s Messages have primarily a persuasive function, and serve the purpose of strengthening the addressees’ group identity by reminding them of common values. However, while the President’s speech is strongly ritualized and emotionally balanced – as it is addressed to the whole nation – the online speeches are not subject to certain conventions, which allows the politicians to adjust the tone of their speech to the expectations of their supporters. Therefore a whole range of feelings is applied – from the fear of France falling, to national pride – depending on the political aims which are to be achieved. This article makes an attempt at answering the question in which way these emotions are constructed within the speeches, and which persuasive function they embody. The author adopts the perspective of argument analysis in discourse (Amossy, 2000; Plantin, 2011), which perceives emotions as a rhetoric means (pathos) whose aim is to influence the addressee.References
AMOSSY, R. (2000): L’argumentation dans le discours. Paris : Nathan.
ARYSTOTELES (1988): Retoryka – Poetyka. Warszawa: PWN.
BOURDIEU, P. (1981): « La représentation politique [Éléments pour une théorie du champ politique] ». Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 36-37, février/mars 1981, La représentation politique-1, 3-24.
CHARAUDEAU, P. (2000): « Une problématisation discursive de l’émotion. À propos des effets de pathémisation à la télévision ». In : Ch. Plantin, M. Doury, V. Traverso (éds), Les émotions dans les interactions. Lyon : Presses universitaires de Lyon, 125-155.
CHARAUDEAU, P. (2005a): Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir. Paris : Vuibert.
CHARAUDEAU, P. (2005b): « Quand l’argumentation n’est que visée persuasive. L’exemple du discours politique ». In : M. Burger, G. Martel (éds), Argumentation et communication dans les médias. Québec : Éd. Nota bene, 29-49.
CHARAUDEAU, P. (2008): « Pathos et discours politique ». In : M. Rinn (éd.), Émotions et discours. L’usage des passions dans la langue. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 49-58 [en ligne]. URL : <http://www.patrick-charaudeau.com/Pathos et-x.html>. (Consulté le 15 mars 2014).
CIOLAC, M. (2010): « Voeux présidentiels télédiffusés dans deux États de l’Union européenne ». Signes, Discours et Sociétés, 5 [en ligne]. URL : <http://www.revue-signes.info/document. php?id=1622>. (Consulté le 10 mars 2014).
DANBLON, E. (2005): La fonction persuasive. Anthropologie du discours rhétorique : origines et actualité. Paris : Armand Colin.
KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI, C. (2005): Le discours en interaction. Paris : Armand Colin.
LEBLANC, J.-M. (2005): Les voeux présidentiels sous la Cinquième République (1959-2001). Recherches et expérimentations lexicométriques à propos de l’ethos dans un genre discursif rituel. Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences du Langage, Université de Paris 12 Val-de-Marne [en ligne]. URL : <http://leblanc.jeanmarc.free.fr/These/ThseJM_Leblanc.pdf>(Consulté le 10 mars 2014).
LEBLANC, J.-M. (2008): « Une approche expérimentale du rituel politique, l’analyse récursive des énoncés sous Alceste ». In : S. Heiden, B. Pincemin (éds), JADT’08 : Actes des 9es Journées internationales d’Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles, Lyon, 12-14 mars 2008. Vol. 2. Lyon : Presses universitaires de Lyon, 701-712 [en ligne]. URL : <http://lexicometrica.univparis3.fr/jadt/jadt2008/pdf/leblanc.pdf>. (Consulté le 10 mars 2014).
MAINGUENEAU, D. (2002): Analyser les textes de communication. Paris : Nathan.
PATIER, X. (2011): « Du verbe à l’image ». In : Bonne année, la France ! Les voeux présidentiels depuis 1958. Paris : La Documentation française, 9-14.
PERELMAN, C., OLBRECHTS, L. (2000): Traité de l’argumentation. La Nouvelle Rhétorique. 5e éd. Bruxelles : Éd. de l’Université de Bruxelles.
PLANTIN, CH. (2011): Les bonnes raisons des émotions. Principes et méthodes pour l’étude du discours émotionné. Berne : Peter Lang.
SAUER, CH. (2007): “Christmas Messages by heads of state. Multimodality and media adaptations”. In : Anita Fetzer, Gerda Eva Lauerbach (éds), Political discourse in the media : crosscultural perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 227-273.
TELETIN, A. (2013): « Les voeux présidentiels au Portugal, en France et en Roumanie, et la crise internationale. Les enjeux des formes d’adresse et des procédés d’atténuation/intensification». Mots. Les langages du politique, 101, 31-46.
TLFi. Trésor de la langue française informatisé. URL : <http://atilf.atilf.fr/>.
VAN DIJK, T. A. (2003): „Dyskurs polityczny i ideologia”. Etnolingwistyka, 15, 6-28.
ZGÓŁKA, T. (2005): „Życzenie jako kategoria językowo komunikacyjna”. In : A. Dąbrowska, A. Nowakowska (éds), Życzliwość w języku i kulturze. Język a Kultura. Vol. 17. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 17-22.
Corpus
Voeux présidentiels
Voeux de Nicolas Sarkozy pour l’année 2008 : URL : <http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/087000012.html>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de François Hollande pour l’année 2013 : URL : <http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/v-ux-aux-francais/>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de François Hollande pour l’année 2014 : URL : <http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/v-ux-aux-francais-5/>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux des hommes et des femmes politiques pour l’année 2014
Voeux de Nicolas Sarkozy : URL : <https://fr-fr.facebook.com/nicolassarkozy/posts/10151796493856078?fref=nf>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de Jean-Luc Mélenchon : URL : <https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/418196337675743233>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de Christiane Taubira : URL : <https://twitter.com/ChTaubira/status/418097970916388864>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de Bertrand Delanoë : URL : < https://twitter.com/BertrandDelanoe/status/418039310542471168/photo/1>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet : URL : <http://www.nkmparis.fr/presse/communiques/voeux-parisiennes-parisiens>, URL : <http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x192ou0_voeuxde-nkm-aux-parisiennes-et-aux-parisiens_news>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux d’Harlem Désir : URL : <http://www.parti-socialiste.fr/articles/harlem-desir-souhaite-tousles-francais-une-belle-et-heureuse-annee-2014>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
Voeux de Jean-François Copé : URL : <http://www.u-m-p.org/actualites/a-la-une/voeux-de-jeanfrancois-cope-pour-lannee-2014-102973012>. (Consulté le 2 juin 2014).
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)