The impact of input, input repetition, and task repetition on L2 lexical use and fluency in speaking
PDF

Keywords

fluency
input
input repetition
lexical use
speaking
task repetition

How to Cite

Duong, P.-T., Montero Perez, M., Nguyen, L.-Q., Desmet, P., & Peters, E. (2023). The impact of input, input repetition, and task repetition on L2 lexical use and fluency in speaking. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.29727

Number of views: 1025


Number of downloads: 1092

Abstract

The present study investigates the impact of meaningful input on L2 learners’ vocabulary use and their fluency in oral performance (immediate and repeat tasks), as well as whether the effects are mediated by learners’ prior vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Ninety university students learning English as a foreign language were randomly assigned to one of three groups: input (N = 29), input repetition (N = 32), and no-input (i.e., baseline group) (N = 29). The input group watched L2 videos prior to performing an immediate oral task, whereas the input repetition group watched the same videos not only before but also after the immediate oral task. The no-input group only performed the oral tasks without watching the videos. The three groups repeated the same oral task after two days. Results did not show a significant effect of task repetition, input, and input repetition on learners’ lexical use and fluency. However, the fluency and lexical complexity in learners’ L2 speech can be predicted by their receptive vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity to some extent.

https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.29727
PDF

References

Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(3), 189-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00019-4

Bakdash, J. Z., & Marusich, L. R. (2017). Repeated measures correlation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(456). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00456

Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 977-990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.977

Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2012). PRAAT. Retrieved May 12, 2012 from http:// www.praat.org

Boston, J. S. (2008). Learner mining of pre-task and task input. ELT Journal, 62(1), 66-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccm079

Bygate, M. (1996). Effects of task repetition: Appraising the developing language of learners. In J. Willis & D. Willis (Eds.), Challenge and change in language teaching (pp. 136-146). MacMillan Heinemann.

Bygate, M. (2018). Introduction. In Bygate, M. (Ed.), Learning language through task repetition (pp. 1-25). John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.11.intro

Bygate, M., & Samuda, V. (2005). Integrative planning through the use of task repetition. In R. Ellis (Ed.), Planning and task performance in second language (pp. 37-74). John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.11.05byg

Clenton, J., de Jong, N. H., Clingwall, D., & Fraser, S. (2020). Vocabulary knowledge and skills can predict aspects of fluency for a small group of pre-intermediate Japanese L1 users of English (L2). In Clenton, J. & Booth, P. (Eds.), Vocabulary and the four skills: Pedagogy, practice, and implications for teaching vocabulary (pp. 146-165). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429285400-15

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Crossley, S. A., Salsbury, T., McNamara, D. S., & Jarvis, S. (2011). Predicting lexical proficiency in language learner texts using computational indices. Language Testing, 28(4), 561-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532210378031

Crossley, S. A., Cobb, T., McNamara, D. S. (2013). Comparing count-based and band-based indices of word frequency: Implications for active vocabulary research and pedagogical applications. System, 411(4), 965-981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.08.002

De Jong, N. H. (2016). Predicting pauses in L1 and L2 speech: The effects of utterance boundaries and word frequency. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 54(2), 113-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-9993

De Jong, N. H., & Wemp, T. (2009). Praat script to detect syllable nuclei and measure speech rate automatically. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 385-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.385

De Jong, N. H., & Bosker, H. R. (2013). Choosing a threshold for silent pauses to measure second language fluency. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS) (pp. 17-20). Royal Institute of Technology.

Durbahn Quinteros, M., Rodgers, M., & Peters, E. (2019). The relationship between vocabulary and viewing comprehension. System, 88, 1-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.102166

Duong, P.-T., Montero Perez, M., Desmet, P., & Peters, E. (2021a). Learning vocabulary in spoken input- and output-based tasks. TASK 1(1), 100-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/task.00005.duo

Duong, P.-T., Montero Perez, M., Nguyen, L.-Q., Desmet, P., & Peters, E. (2021b). Incidental lexical mining in task repetition: The role of input, input repetition and individual differences. System, 103, 1026-1050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102650

Duong, P.-T., & Le, H. H. V. (2022). How working memory and prior vocabulary knowledge influence the impact of task repetition on L2 oral performance: Insights into Vietnamese EFL learners. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a12

Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2020). Task-based language teaching: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108643689

Enayat, M. J., & Derakhshan, A. (2021). Vocabulary size and depth as predictors of second language speaking ability. System.

Fehringer, C., & Fry, C. (2007). Hesitation phenomena in the language production of bilingual speakers: The role of working memory. Folia Linguistica: Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae, 41(1-2), 37-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.41.1-2.37

French, L. (2004). Phonological working memory and L2 acquisition: A developmental study of Francophone children learning English in Quebec. Edwin Mellen Press.

Fukuta, J. (2016). Effects of task repetition on learners’ attention orientation in L2 oral production. Language Teaching Research, 20, 321-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815570142

Foster, P., Tonkyn, A., & Wigglesworth, G. (2000). Measuring spoken language: A unit for all reasons. Applied Linguistics, 21, 354-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.3.354

Gass, S., Macket, A., Alvarez-Torres, M., & Fernández-García, M. (1999). The effects of task repetition on linguistic output. Language Learning, 49(4), 549-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00102

Hoang, H., & Boers, F. (2016). Re-telling a story in a second language: How well do adult learners mine an input text for multiword expressions? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(3), 513-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.3.7

Juffs, A., & Harrington, M. (2011). Aspects of working memory in L2 learning. Language Teaching, 44, 137-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000509

Kang, O., Rubin, D., & Pickering, L. (2010). Suprasegmental measures of accentedness and judgments of language learner proficiency in oral English. Modern Language Journal, 94, 554-566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01091.x

Khatib, M., & Farahanynia, M. (2020). Planning conditions (strategic planning, task repetition, and joint planning), cognitive task complexity, and task type: Effects on L2 oral performance. System, 93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102297

Kim, Y., Crossley, S., Yung, Y., Kyle, K., & Kang, S. (2018). The effects of task repetition and task complexity on L2 lexical use. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Learning language though task repetitions (pp. 75-96). John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.11.03kim

Kyle, K., & Crossley, S. A. (2015). Automatically assessing lexical sophistication: Indices, tools, findings, and application. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4), 757-786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.194

Kyle, K. (2020). Measuring lexical richness. In S. Webb (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of vocabulary studies (pp. 454-476). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429291586-29

Kyle, K., Crossley, A. S., & Jarvis, S. (2020). Assessing the validity of lexical diversity indices using direct judgements. Language Assessment Quarterly, 18(2), 154-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2020.1844205

Laufer, B., & Nation, P. (1995). Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production. Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 307-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.307

Laufer, B., & Nation, P. (1999). A vocabulary-size test of controlled productive ability. Language Testing, 16(1), 33-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229901600103

Lambert, C., Kormos, J., & Minn, D. (2017). Task repetition and second language speech processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(1), 167-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000085

Lambert, C., Aubrey, S., Leeming, P. (2020). Task preparation and second language speech production. TESOL Quarterly. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.598

Levelt, W. J. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.

Lynch, T. (2018). Perform, reflect, recycle: Enhancing task repetition in second language speaking classes. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Learning language through task repetition (pp. 193-222). John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.11.08lyn

Malvern, D., & Richards, B. (2002). Investigating accommodation in language proficiency interviews using a new measure of lexical diversity. Language Testing, 19(1), 85-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532202lt221oa

Meara, P., & Fitzpatrick, T. (2000). Lex30: An improved method of assessing productive vocabulary in an L2. System, 28, 19-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(99)00058-5

Miller, L. M. S., Cohen, J. A., & Wingfield, A. (2006). Contextual knowledge reduces demands on working memory during reading. Memory & Cognition, 34, 1355-1367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193277

Montero Perez, M. (2020). Incidental vocabulary learning through viewing video: The role of vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 42(4), 749-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263119000706

Nguyen, L. T. C., & Nation, P. (2011). A bilingual vocabulary size test of English for Vietnamese learners. RELC Journal, 42(1), 86-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688210390264

Nguyen, C. D., & Boers, F. (2018). The effect of content retelling on vocabulary uptake from a TED Talk. TESOL Quarterly, 53(1), 5-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.441

O’Brien, I., Segalowitz, N., Collentine, J., & Freed, B. (2006). Phonological memory and lexical, narrative, and grammatical skills in second language oral production by adult learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 377-402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716406060322

Pawlak, M. (2021). Investigating individual learner differences in second language learning. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75726-7

R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.0.1) [Computer software]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/

Skehan, P. (2003). Task based instruction. Language Teaching, 36, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480200188X

Skehan, P. (2009). Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 510-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp047

Tavakoli, P., & Wright, C. (2020). Second language speech fluency: From research to practice. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108589109

Thai, C., & Boers, F. (2016). Repeating a monologue under increasing time pressure: Effects on fluency, complexity, and accuracy. TESOL Quarterly, 50(2), 369-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.232

Uchihara, T., & Clenton, J. (2018). Investigating the role of vocabulary size in second language speaking ability. Language Teaching Research, 24(4), 540-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818799371

Uchihara, T., & Saito, K. (2019). Exploring the relationship between productive vocabulary knowledge and second language oral ability. Language Learning Journal, 47(1), 64-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2016.1191527

Wang, Z. (2014). Online time pressure manipulations: L2 speaking performance under five types of planning and repetition conditions. In P. Skehan (Ed.), Processing Perspectives on Task Performance (pp. 27-61). John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.5.02wan

Webb, S. (2020). Incidental vocabulary learning. In S. Webb (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of vocabulary studies (pp. 225-239). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429291586-15

Willis, J. (1996). A framework for task-based learning. Addison-Wesley.