Let’s get positive: How foreign language teaching enjoyment can create a positive feedback loop
PDF

Keywords

foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE)
mindfulness
engagement
burnout
EFL teachers

How to Cite

Yang, S., Azari Noughabi, M., Botes, E., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2023). Let’s get positive: How foreign language teaching enjoyment can create a positive feedback loop. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.32358

Number of views: 1941


Number of downloads: 1913

Abstract

Research on learners’ foreign language emotions has revealed the existence of a positive feedback loop where increased enjoyment leads to better performance which, in turn, strengthens learners’ enjoyment and boosts overall happiness. The current study follows this avenue focusing on teachers’ foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE) and its relationships with engagement, mindfulness, and burnout. The participants, who were 496 English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers from Iran, completed four electronic surveys. The proposed mediation model based on data collected from EFL teachers indicated that FLTE partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and engagement as well as their burnout. The results revealed that mindful EFL teachers who enjoy the profession are more likely to experience higher levels of work engagement and job satisfaction, thus creating a positive feedback loop. In addition, the findings suggest the importance of positive emotions in EFL teachers’ psychological flourishing based on the tenets of positive psychology. Finally, implications and suggestions for further research are offered.

https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.32358
PDF

References

Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Kiley Hamlin, J. (2018). Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 55-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.017

Azari Noughabi, M., Amirian, S. M. R., Adel, S. M. R., & Zareian, G. (2022). The association of experienced in-service EFL teachers’ immunity with engagement, emotions, and autonomy. Current Psychology, 41, 5562-5571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01066-8

Azari Noughabi, M., Ghonsooly, B., & Jahedizadeh, S. (2022). Modeling the associations between EFL teachers’ immunity, L2 grit, and work engagement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2088766

Azari Noughabi, M., Yang, S., Botes, E., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2022). The effect of positive emotion on foreign language teacher engagement and well-being: A cross-cultural comparison. PsyArXiv. Epub ahead of print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/axy9h

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173

Biesanz, J. C., Falk, C. F., & Savalei, V. (2010). Assessing mediational models: Testing and interval estimation for indirect effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(4), 661-701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.498292

Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2020). The power to improve: Effects of multilingualism and perceived proficiency on enjoyment and anxiety in foreign language learning. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 1-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2020-0003

Botes, E., Greiff, S., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2020). The foreign language classroom anxiety scale and academic achievement: An overview of the prevailing literature and a meta-analysis. The Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 2, 26-56. Retrieved from https://www.jpll.org/index.php/journal/article/view/botesetal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/2/1/3

Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2021). The development and validation of the Short Form of the Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale. Modern Language Journal, 105(4), 858-876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12741

Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2022). Taking stock: A meta-analysis of the effects of Foreign Language Enjoyment. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 12(2), 205-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.2.3

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298

Budzińska, K., & Majchrzak, O. (Eds.). (2021). Positive psychology in second and foreign language education. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64444-4

de Carvalho, J. S., Oliveira, S., Roberto, M. S., Gonçalves, C., Bárbara, J. M., de Castro, A. F., Pereira, R., Franco, M., Cadima, J., Leal, T., Lemos, M. S., & Marques-Pinto, A. (2021). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention for teachers: A study on teacher and student outcomes. Mindfulness, 12(7), 1719-1732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01635-3

Derakhshan, A., Dewaele, J.-M., & Azari Noughabi, M. (2022). Modeling the contribution of resilience, well-being, and L2 grit to foreign language teaching enjoyment among Iranian English language teachers. System, 109, 102890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102890

Dewaele, J.-M., Chen, X., Padilla, A. M., & Lake, J. (2019). The flowering of positive psychology in foreign language teaching and acquisition research. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02128

Dewaele, J.-M., Gkonou, C., & Mercer, S. (2018). Do ESL/EFL teachers´ emotional intelligence, teaching experience, proficiency and gender affect their classroom practice? In J. de Dios Martínez Agudo (Ed.), Emotions in second language teaching: Theory, research and teacher education (pp. 125-141). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_8

Dewaele, J.-M., & Li, C. (2021). Teacher enthusiasm and students’ social-behavioral learning engagement: The mediating role of student enjoyment and boredom in Chinese EFL classes. Language Teaching Research, 25(6), 922-945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211014538

Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5

Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. (2019). The predictive power of multicultural personality traits, learner and teacher variables on foreign language enjoyment and anxiety. In M. Sato & S. Loewen (Eds.), Evidence-based second language pedagogy: A collection of instructed second language acquisition studies (pp. 263-286). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351190558-12

Dewaele, J.-M., & Mercer, S. (2018) Variation in ESL/EFL teachers’ attitudes towards their students. In S. Mercer & A. Kostoulas (Eds.), Language teacher psychology (pp. 178-195). Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783099467-015

Dewaele, J.-M., & Proietti Ergün, A. L. (2020). How different are the relations be-tween enjoyment, anxiety, attitudes/motivation and course marks in pupils’ Italian and English as foreign languages? Journal of the European Second Language Association, 4(1), 45-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22599/jesla.65

Dewaele, J.-M., Saito, K., & Halimi, F. (2022). How teacher behaviour shapes foreign language learners’ enjoyment, anxiety and motivation: A mixed modelling longitudinal investigation. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221089601

Dewaele, J.-M., & Wu, A. (2021). Predicting the emotional labor strategies of Chinese English foreign language teachers. System, 103, 102660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102660

Faskhodi, A. A., & Siyyari, M. (2018). Dimensions of work engagement and teacher burnout: A study of relations among Iranian EFL teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online), 43(1), 78-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.5

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.

Frank, J. L., Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2016). Validation of the mind-fulness in teaching scale. Mindfulness, 7(1), 155-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0461-0

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

Fredrickson, B. (2009). Positivity: Top-notch research reveals the 3-to-1 ratio that will change your life. Harmony.

Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Durksen, T. L., Becker-Kurz, B., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Measuring teachers’ enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 148-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.05.003

Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015). Mindfulness broadens awareness and builds eudaimonic meaning: A process model of mindful positive emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(4), 293-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.1064294

Garner, P. W., Bender, S. L., & Fedor, M. (2018). Mindfulness‐based SEL programming to increase preservice teachers’ mindfulness and emotional competence. Psychology in the Schools, 55(4), 377-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22114

Gkonou, C., Dewaele, J.-M., & King, J. (2020). The emotional rollercoaster of language teaching. Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788928342

Gloria, C. T., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2017). The direct and mediating roles of positive emotions on work engagement among postdoctoral fellows. Studies in Higher Education, 42(12), 2216-2228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1138938

Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and psychological well-being in teacher work engagement: A case of British and Iranian English language teachers. System, 97, 102446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102446

Hiver, P. (2017). Tracing the signature dynamics of language teacher immunity: A retrodictive qualitative modeling study. Modern Language Journal, 101(4), 669-690.

Hwang, Y. S., Bartlett, B., Greben, M., & Hand, K. (2017). A systematic review of mindfulness interventions for in-service teachers: A tool to enhance teacher wellbeing and performance. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 26-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.01.015

JASP Team. (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.0) [Computer software]. JASP.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hyperion.

Kazemkhah Hasankiadeh, F., & Azari Noughabi, M. (2022). Investigating the interplay among EFL teachers’ L2 grit, self-efficacy, and self-regulation: A structural equation modeling analysis. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00688-9

King, J., Dewaele, J.-M., & Gkonou, C. (2020). Concluding thoughts on the emotional rollercoaster of language teaching. In C. Gkonou, C., J.-M. Dewaele & J. King (Eds.), The emotional rollercoaster of language teaching (pp. 288-295). Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788928342-020

Klassen, R. M., Yerdelen, S., & Durksen, T. L. (2013). Measuring teacher engagement: Development of the Engaged Teachers Scale (ETS). Frontline Learning Research, 1(2), 33-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v1i2.44

Kline, R. B. (2015). The mediation myth. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(4), 202-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1049349

Li, C. (2020). A positive psychology perspective on Chinese EFL students’ trait emotional intelligence, foreign language enjoyment and EFL learning achievement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 41(3), 246-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1614187

Li, S. (2021). Psychological wellbeing, mindfulness, and immunity of teachers in second or foreign language education: A theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 720340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720340

MacIntyre, P., & Khajavy, G. H. (2021). Grit in second language learning and teaching: Introduction to the special issue. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/1

Malinowski, P., & Lim, H. J. (2015). Mindfulness at work: Positive affect, hope, and optimism mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, work engagement, and well-being. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1250-1262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0388-5

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205

Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. Jossey-Bass.

Molloy Elreda, L., Jennings, P. A., DeMauro, A. A., Mischenko, P. P., & Brown, J. L. (2019). Protective effects of interpersonal mindfulness for teachers’ emotional supportiveness in the classroom. Mindfulness, 10(3), 537-546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0996-y

Morgan, W. J., & Katz, J. (2021). Mindfulness meditation and foreign language classroom anxiety: Findings from a randomized control trial. Foreign Language Annals, 54(2), 389-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12525

Moskowitz, S., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2021). Is teacher happiness contagious? A study of the link between perceptions of language teacher happiness and student self-reported attitudes and motivation. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(2), 117-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2019.1707205

Moyano, N., Perez-Yus, M.C., Herrera-Mercadal, P., Navarro-Gil, M., Valle, S., & Montero-Marin, J. (2021). Burned or engaged teachers? The role of mindfulness, self-efficacy, teacher and students’ relationships, and the mediating role of intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness. Current Psychology, Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02433-9

Proietti Ergün, A. L., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2021). Do well-being and resilience predict the foreign language teaching enjoyment of teachers of Italian? System, 99, 102506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102506

Ramasubramanian, S. (2017). Mindfulness, stress coping and everyday resilience among emerging youth in a university setting: A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(3), 308-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1175361

Resnik, P., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2020). Trait emotional intelligence, anxiety and enjoyment in first and foreign language classes. System, 94, 102324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102324

Resnik, P., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2021). Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in-person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe. Applied Linguistics Review. Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0096

Rickert, N. P., Skinner, E. A., & Roeser, R. W. (2020). Development of a multidimensional, multi-informant measure of teacher mindfulness as experienced and expressed in the middle school classroom. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(1), 5-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419881724

Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Taylor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 787-804. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032093

Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more, (Version 0.5-12). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

Rusu, P. P., & Colomeischi, A. A. (2020). Positivity ratio and well-being among teachers. The mediating role of work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01608

Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.

Seligman, M. E., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 279-298). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18

Skinner, E., & Beers, J. (2016). Mindfulness and teachers’ coping in the classroom: A developmental model of teacher stress, coping, and everyday resilience. In K. Schonert-Reichl & R. Roeser (Eds.), The handbook of mindfulness in education: Emerging theory, research, and programs (pp. 133-148). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_7

Slišković, A., Burić, I., & Sorić, I. (2019). The relations between Principal support and work engagement and burnout: Testing the role of teachers’ emotions and educational level. Work, 64(2), 203-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-192987

Talbot, K., & Mercer, S. (2018). Exploring university ESL/EFL teachers’ emotional well-being and emotional regulation in the United States, Japan and Austria. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 41(4), 410-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0031

Taylor, C., Harrison, J., Haimovitz, K., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Schonert-Reichl, K., & Roeser, R. W. (2016). Examining ways that a mindfulness-based intervention reduces stress in public school teachers: A mixed-methods study. Mindful-ness, 7(1), 115-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0425-4

Taylor, N. Z., & Millear, P. M. R. (2016). The contribution of mindfulness to predicting burnout in the workplace. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 123-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.005

Taylor, S. G., Roberts, A. M., & Zarrett, N. (2021). A brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) to reduce teacher stress and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Edu-cation, 100, 103284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103284

Vesely, A. K., Saklofske, D. H., & Nordstokk, D. W. (2014). EI training and pre-service teacher wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, 81-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.052

Yang, S., Azari Noughabi, M., & Jahedizadeh, S. (2022). Modeling the contribution of English language learners’ academic buoyancy and self-efficacy to L2 grit: Evidence from Iran and China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Advance online publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2062368

Yang, S., Shu, D., & Yin, H. (2022). The bright side of dark emotions: Exploring EFL teachers’ emotions, emotional capital, and engagement in curriculum implementation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 117, 103811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103811

Zeilhofer, L. (2020). Mindfulness in the foreign language classroom: Influence on academic achievement and awareness. Language Teaching Research, 27(1), 96-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820934624