Abstract
The impetus of this study is to investigate students’ attitudes towards online language learning based on their previous academic experiences and year of study, including the decision to major or minor (i.e., motivation). A total of 975 students completed a survey questionnaire consisting of background information, Likert scale items, and open-ended questions. The quantitative data were analyzed using an exploratory factor analysis and one-way ANOVAs and were complemented with qualitative data based on students’ responses. Findings indicate that students generally want consistent access to online learning, and that students with prior online-learning experience or with a desire to take an online course presented a statistically significant more positive perception of online language classes. There were also differences in perception of success in the online classes between those students who intended to major or minor in the language and those who did not. The results further revealed a decline in perception of success in online classes with the higher-level classifications (i.e., year of study). This study provides baseline attitudinal data to be built upon in future research and informs stakeholders of language programs in their curricular decisions.
References
Alipour, P. (2020). A comparative study of online vs. blended learning on vocabulary development among intermediate EFL learners. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1857489
Bozavli, E. (2021). Is foreign language teaching possible without school? Distance learning experiences of foreign language students at Ataturk University during the Covid-19 pandemic. Arab World English Journal, 12(1), 3-18. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3826476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no1.1
Capstick, T. (2018). Resilience. ELT Journal, 72, 210-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx068
Chenoweth, N. A., & Murday, K. (2003). Measuring student learning in an online French course. CALICO Journal, 20(2), 285-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v20i2.285-314
Chenoweth, N. A., Ushida, E., & Murday, K. (2006). Student learning in hybrid French and Spanish courses: An overview of language online. CALICO Journal, 24(1), 115-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v24i1.115-146
Chenoweth, N. A., Ushida, E., & Murday, K. (2008). Learners’ and teachers’ perspectives on language online. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(2), 125-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09588220801943718
Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9-42). Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-003
Eastment, D. (1996). The internet and ELT: The impact of the internet on English language teaching. British Council English 2000 Publications.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
Grgurović, M. (2011). Blended learning in an ESL class: A case study. CALICO Journal, 29(1), 101-117. https://www.jstor.org/stable/calicojournal.29.1.100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11139/cj.29.1.100-117
Hamad, M. M., Dafaallah, A. S., & Alhaj, A. A. (2021). The challenges of online English language teaching from EFL instructors’ point of view in KKU, Tehama campus during COVID 19 period. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 12(4), 543-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1204.04
Hanlon, A. R. (2023). West Virginia University is everything that’s wrong with higher education today. New Republic. Retrieved from https://newrepublic.com/article/176202/west-virginia-university-higher-education-enrollment-cliff-cuts?fbclid=IwAR2SEKqbgIz8yEz6bUiI7tOlq5thypO8AAkZvQN4aDGwkcurxoFyZ9Hr7d8
Hazen, K. (2018). Rural voices in Appalachia: The shifting sociolinguistic reality of rural life. In E. Seale & C. Mallinson (Eds.), Rural voices: Language, identity, and social change across place (pp. 75-90). Lexington Books.
Hodges, C. B., Moore, S. L., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review.
Hong, A. J., & Kim, H. J. (2018). College students’ digital readiness for academic engagement (DRAE) scale: Scale development and validation. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 27(4), 303-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0387-0
Horwitz, E. K., M. B. Horwitz, & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal 70(2), 125-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Jin, L., Xu, Y., Deifell, E., & Angus, K. (2021). Emergency remote language teaching and US-based college-level world language educators’ intention to adopt online teaching in postpandemic times. Modern Language Journal, 105(2), 412-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12712
Kamal, M. I., Zubanova, S., Isaeva, A., & Movchun, V. (2021). Distance learning impact on the English language teaching during COVID-19. Education and In-formation Technologies, 26, 7307-7319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10588-y
Ko, S., & Rossen, S. (2017). Teaching online: A practical guide (4th ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203427354
Lanvers, U., Thompson, A. S., & East, M. (Eds.). (2021). Language learning in Anglo-phone countries: Challenges, practices, ways forward. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56654-8
Looney, D., & Lusin, N. (2019). Enrollments in languages other than English in United States institutions of higher education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Final Report. Modern Language Association, ii-90.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2010). Willingness to communicate and action control. System, 38(2), 161-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.12.013
Maican, M. A., & Cocorada, E. (2021). Online foreign language learning in higher education and its correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(2), 781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020781
Moser, K. M., Wei, T., & Brenner, D. (2021). Remote teaching during COVID-19: Implications from a national survey of language educators. System, 97, 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102431
Oraif, I., & Elyas, T. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on learning: Investigating EFL learners’ engagement in online courses in Saudi Arabia. Education Sciences, 11(3), 99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030099
Papi, M., Bondarenko, A., Mansouri, S., Feng, L., & Jiang, C. (2019). Rethinking L2 motivation research: The 2x2 model of L2 self-guides. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41, 337-361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263118000153
Pozo J. I., Pérez Echeverría M. P., Cabellos, B., & Sánchez D. L. (2021). Teaching and learning in times of COVID-19: Uses of digital technologies during school lockdowns. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 656776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656776
Salih, A. A., & Omar, L. I. (2021). Season of migration to remote language learning platforms: Voices from EFL university learners. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(2), 62-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n2p62
Statista Research Group. (2022, January 6). Percentage of population in the United States speaking a language other than English at home in 2019, by state. https://www.statista.com/statistics/312940/share-of-us-population-speaking-a-language-other-than-english-at-home-bystate/
Stenson, N., Downing, B. Smith, J., & Smith, K. (1992). The effectiveness of computer-assisted pronunciation training. CALICO Journal, 9(4), 5-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24147626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v9i4.5-19
Sudina, E., & Plonsky, L. (2021). Academic perseverance in foreign language learning: An investigation of language-specific grit and its conceptual correlates. Modern Language Journal, 105(4), 829-857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12738
Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian learners of English. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 66-97). Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-005
Tateyama, Y. (2015). Advanced Japanese online: Course effectiveness and student perceptions. Japanese Language and Literature, 49(2), 333-368. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24615140
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, Y., & Tabandeh, F. (2020). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893-918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820921895
Thomas, M., Reinders, H., & Warschauer, M. (Eds.). (2013). Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Bloomsbury.
Thompson, A. S. (2017). Language learning motivation in the United States: An examination of language choice and multilingualism. Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 483-500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12409
Thompson, A. S. (2021). The role of context in language teachers’ self development and motivation: Perspectives from multilingual settings. Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781800411197
Thompson, A. S., & Lee, J. (2014). The impact of experience abroad and language proficiency on language learning anxiety. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 252-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.125
Warschauer, M., & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31, 51-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800012970
Wu, C. H. (2022). TPACK: Analyzing how faculty engaged students in college Chinese language classrooms during emergency remote teaching. Distance Learning, 19(2), 105-117.
Wu, C. H., & Huang, L. (2022). Instructors’ social, cognitive, teaching presences in emergency remote teaching of Chinese language in the United States: A qualitative study. In S. J. Liu (Ed.), Teaching the Chinese language remotely: Global cases and perspectives (pp. 295-324). Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/9783030870546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87055-3_13
Young, D. J. (2008). An empirical investigation of the effects of blended learning on student outcomes in a redesigned intensive Spanish course. CALICO Journal, 26(1), 160-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v26i1.160-181
Yun, S., Hiver, P., & Al-Hoorie, A. (2018). Academic buoyancy: Exploring learners’ everyday resilience in the language classroom. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40. 805-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263118000037
Zhang, W., & Zhu, C. (2020). Blended learning as a good practice in ESL courses compared to F2F learning and online learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 12(1), 64-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMBL.2020010105
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.