Słowa kluczowe
osamotnienie
pozytywne przeżywanie samotności
eksploracyjna analiza czynnikowa
konfirmacyjna analiza czynnikowa
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Artykuł przedstawia ocenę psychometryczną polskiej wersji Testu Zróżnicowanego Doświadczania Samotności (DTA-PL). W badaniu uczestniczyło 577 osób. Analizy wykazały trójczynnikową strukturę narzędzia, obejmującą Ogólne Doświadczenie Osamotnienia, Uzależnienie od Kontaktów Społecznych i Pozytywne Przeżywanie Samotności o zadowalającej rzetelności (α = 0,74–0,87; CFI = 0,892; RMSEA = 0,065). W kontekście funkcjonowania człowieka w rodzinie może mieć to szczególne znaczenie. Doświadczenie samotności, nawet u osób żyjących w bliskich relacjach, może wpływać na jakość więzi rodzinnych, poczucie wsparcia oraz zdolność do budowania satysfakcjonujących relacji z partnerem, dziećmi lub rodzicami. Wyniki sugerują, że różne formy samotności ujawniają się również w środowisku rodzinnym, wpływając na wzorce komunikacji i ogólne funkcjonowanie jednostki w systemie rodzinnym.
Bibliografia
Balcerowska, J. M. and P. Bereznowski. 2023. “The Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 in a Polish Sample: Psychometric Validation and Relationship with Specific Internet-Related Disorders and Psychosocial Functioning.” Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 11(3): 228-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/151869
Bartlett, M. S. 1950. “Tests of Significance in Factor Analysis.” British Journal of Psychology, 3(2): 77-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x
Cacioppo, J. T. and S. Cacioppo. 2012. “The Phenotype of Loneliness.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4): 446-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.690510
Coplan, R. J., J. C. Bowker and L. J. Nelson. 2021. “Alone Again: Revisiting Psychological Perspectives on Solitude.” In: The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone, edited by R. J. Coplan, J. C. Bowker and L. J. Nelson, 3-15. Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119576457.ch1
Costello, A. B. and J. W. Osborne. 2005. “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7): 1-9.
Cvetek, M., P. Pučnik, R. Cvetek and R. Globokar. 2022. “Relational Ethics Scale: Psychometric Evaluation of the Slovene-Language Version.” Bogoslovni vestnik / Theological Quarterly, 82 (1): 203-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34291/BV2022/01/Cvetek
Davies, M. G. 1996. “Solitude and Loneliness: An Integrative Model.” Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24(1): 3-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719602400101
Dykstra, P. A. 2009. “Older Adult Loneliness: Myths and Realities.” European Journal of Ageing, 6(2): 91-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0110-3
Ellard, O. B., C. Dennison, and H. Tuomainen. 2023. “Interventions Addressing Loneliness amongst University Students: A Systematic Review.” Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(4): 512-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12614
Galanaki, E. 2005. “Solitude in the School: A Neglected Facet of Children’s Development and Education.” Childhood Education, 81(3): 128-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2005.10522255
Galanaki, E. 2013. “Solitude in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Research Literature.” Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 50(3-4): 79-88.
Gizatullina, A., S. Satiyeva, T. Kunslyamova, A. Edigenova, Z. Zhanna and A. Burahanova. 2016. “Comparative Analysis of Gender and Age Differences in the Visions of Solitude.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(20): 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i20/94476
Grygiel, P., G. Humenny, S. Rebisz, P. Świtaj and J. Sikorska. 2013. “Validating the Polish Adaptation of the 11-Item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29(2): 129-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000130
Heinrich, L. M. and E. Gullone. 2006. “The Clinical Significance of Loneliness: A Literature Review.” Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6): 695-718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
Hu, L. and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1): 1-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kaiser, H. F. 1974. “An Index of Factorial Simplicity.” Psychometrika, 39(1): 31-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kwiatkowska, M. M., R. Rogoża and K. Kwiatkowska. 2018. “Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale in a Polish Sample of Youth.” Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 6(2): 164-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2017.69681
Larson, R. 1990. “The Solitary Side of Life: An Examination of the Time People Spend Alone from Childhood to Old Age.” Developmental Review, 10(2): 155-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(90)90008-R
Larson, R., M. Csikszentmihalyi and R. Graef. 1982. “Time Alone in Daily Experience: Loneliness or Renewal?” In: Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy, edited by L. A. Peplau and D. Perlman, 40-53. Wiley.
Lasgaard, M., K. Friis and M. Shevlin. 2016. “‘Where Are All the Lonely People?’ A Population-Based Study of High-Risk Groups across the Life Span.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(10): 1373-1384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3
Leonova, I. M., N. A. Dobrovolska, K. O. Chyzhyk and T. V. Hovorun. 2021. “Cognitive Models of Loneliness in Women in Early and Middle Adulthood.” BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 12(4): 107-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.4/241
Leontiev, D. A. 2011a. “Ekzistentsialniy Smysl Odinochestva [The Existential Meaning of Solitude].” Ekzistentsialnaya Traditsiya: Filosofiya, Psikhologiya, Psikhoterapiya, 2(19): 101-108.
Leontiev, D. A. 2011b. “Podkhod Cherez Pozitivnye Cherty Lichnosti: Ot Psikhologicheskogo Blagopoluchiya k Dobrodetelyam i Silam Kharaktera [Approach through Positive Personality Traits: From Psychological Well-Being to Virtues and Character Forces].” In: Lichnostnyy Potentsial: Struktura i Diagnostika, edited by D. A. Leontyev, 76-91. Smysl.
Leontiev, D. A. 2019. “The Dialectics of Aloneness: Positive vs. Negative Meaning and Differential Assessment.” Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4): 548-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1640186
Long, C. R. and J. R. Averill. 2003. “Solitude: An Exploration of the Benefits of Being Alone.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1): 21-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204
Long, C. R., M. Seburn, J. R. Averill and T. A. More. 2003. “Solitude Experiences: Varieties, Settings, and Individual Differences.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5): 578-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005003
Moustakas, Clark E. 1972. Loneliness and Love. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
O’Connor, B. P. 2000. “SPSS and SAS Programs for Determining the Number of Components Using Parallel Analysis and Velicer’s MAP Test.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3): 396-402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
Osin, E. N., and D. A. Leontiev. 2013. “Differentsialnyi Oprosnik Perezhivaniya Odinochestva: Struktura i Svoistva [Differential Test of Aloneness (DTA): Structure and Properties].” Psychology. Journal of a Higher School of Economics, 10(1): 55-81.
Palgi, Y., D. Segel-Karpas, S. Ost Mor, Y. Hoffman, A. Shrira and E. Bodner. 2021. “Positive Solitude Scale: Theoretical Background, Development, and Validation.” Journal of Happiness Studies, 22: 3357-3384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00367-4
Pituch, Keenan A. and James P. Stevens. 2016. Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences. 6th ed. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814919
Qiu-Qiang, Z., L. Bo-Lin, Y. Wei-Wei, Z. Yu and Z. Qi-Zhe. 2023. “Analysis of Initial Sandplay Characteristics among University Students with Different Levels of Loneliness.” BMC Psychiatry, 23(1): 930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05443-y
Rived-Ocaña, M., M. L. Schweer-Collins, M. Rodríguez-González, S. A. Crabtree, L. B. G. del Cid and T. D. Hargrave. 2020. “Spanish Adaptation of the Relational Ethics Scale.” Contemporary Family Therapy, 42: 346-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-020-09540-y
Rubenstein, C. M. and P. Shaver. 1982. “The Experience of Loneliness.” In: Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy, edited by L. Peplau and D. Perlman, 206-223. Wiley.
Russell, D. W. 1996. “UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure.” Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1): 20-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Ryś, M. 2020. “Poczucie Osamotnienia jako Symptom Naszych Czasów [The Feeling of Loneliness as a Symptom of Our Times].” In: Mistrzowie Psychologii wobec Wyzwań Współczesności, edited by Z. B. Gaś, 17-51. Wydawnictwo Naukowe WSEI Innovatio Press.
Satici, B., and M. Deniz. 2020. “External Shame, Loneliness, Psychological Distress, and Well-Being: Insights from the Turkish Adaptation of the Other as Shamer Scale-2.” Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 8(2): 154-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2020.97421
Sinic, C. A. 2021. “The Psychological Implications of Loneliness.” In The Bloomsbury Handbook of Solitude, Silence, and Loneliness, edited by J. Stern, C. A. Sink, M. Wałejko and W. Ho, 236-249. Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350162181.0030
StataCorp. 2023. Stata 18 Structural Equation Modeling Reference Manual. Stata Press.
Stern, J. 2021. “Introduction: Personhood, Alone and Together—Solitude, Silence, and Loneliness in Context.” In: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Solitude, Silence, and Loneliness, edited by J. Stern, C. A. Sink, M. Wałejko and W. Ho, 1-9. Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350162181.0007
Śliwak, J., M. Brzeziński and D. Zarosińska. 2019. “Religijne Zmaganie się a Poczucie Osamotnienia u Podopiecznych Hospicjów [Religious Struggle and a Feeling of Loneliness in Hospice Patients].” Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 38(2): 365-394.
Thomas, V. and M. Azmitia. 2019. “Motivation Matters: Development and Validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale—Short Form (MSS-SF).” Journal of Adolescence, 70: 33-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.004
van Baarsen, B., T. A. Snijders, J. H. Smit and M. A. Van Duijn. 2001. “Lonely but Not Alone: Emotional Isolation and Social Isolation as Two Distinct Dimensions of Loneliness in Older People.” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(1): 119-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971103
Weinstein, N., H. Hansen and T. V. Nguyen. 2023. “Definitions of Solitude in Everyday Life.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(12): 1663-1678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672221115941
Winnicott, D. W. 1958. “The Capacity to Be Alone.” The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39: 416-420.
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Jacek Borys Soiński, Alicja Jajko-Siwek, Anna Wieradzka-Pilarczyk
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.