Keywords
Palaiologoi
Rumelia
Byzantium
interregnum
fetret
Balkans
How to Cite
Abstract
After the defeat of Bayezid in the battle of Ankara (28 July 1402) the Ottoman state passed through a period of political instability combined with dynastic war and and ethnic strife, and it remained divided until 1413. This period is known as the Interregnum (Fetret Dewri), during which four sons of Bayezid stoked claim to leadership over the Ottomans, while the Christian states tried to take the maximum advantage from the division of the Ottomans by supporting one prince against the others. At this time a strong European crusade might have pushed the Ottomans out of Europe or at least of Balkan countries, but the weakness and division of the south of the Danube and diversion to other matters to the north left an opportunity for the Ottomans to restore what had been crushed without significant loss.References
Alexandrescu-Dersca M. M., La campagne de Timur en Anatolie (1402), Bucureşti, 1942.
Alexandrescu-Dersca M. M., Les relations du Prince de Valachie Mircea l’Ancien avec les émirs Seldjoukides d’Anatolie et leurs candidat Musa au trône Ottoman, Ankara, 1968.
Babingera F., Schejch Schejch Bedr ed-Din, der Sohn des Richters von Simaw; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sektenwesens im altosmanischen Reich, Berlin-Leipzig, 1921.
Bogdan I., Ein Beitrag zur bulgarischen und serbischen Geschichtsschreibung, „Archiv für slavische Philologie“, 1891, t. 13, s. 526-536.
Czamańska I., Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV i XV wieku, Poznań, 1996.
Dennis G. T., The Byzantine-Turkish Treaty of 1403, „Orientalia Christiana Periodica” 1967, t. 33, s. 72-88.
Diaconescu M., The Relations of Vassalage between Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary and Mircea the Old, Voivode of Wallachia, „Mediaevalia Transilvanica”, t. 2, nr 2, s. 245-282.
Die frühosmanischen Jahrbucher des Urudsch - Quellenwerke des islamischen Schriftums (Hannover), 1925, nr 2.
Dukas, Historia byzantina (Historia Turco-Byzantina), tłum. H. J. Margoulias, Detroit, 1975.
Filipović N., Princ Musa i šejh Bedreddin, Sarajevo, 1971.
Hauziński J., Quasi-islamskie podłoże ruchów społecznych w Rumelii do połowy XVI w., „Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia”, 2011, t. 18.
Historija naroda Jugoslavije, t. 1, Beograd, 1953.
Hopf Ch., Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues publiées avec notes et tables généalogiques par Charles Hopf, Berlin, 1873.
Imber C., The Ottoman Empire 1300-1481, Istanbul, 1990.
Inalcık H., Imperium Osmańskie: epoka klasyczna 1300-1600, tłum. J. Hunia. Kraków, 2006.
Inalcık H., Les regions de Kruje et de la Dibra autour de 1467, “Studia Albanica (Tirana)”, 1968, t. 5, nr 2, s. 89-102.
Inalcik H., Mehmed I [w:] The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden-New York, 1991.
Jireček K. J., Geschichte der Serben, t. 1, Amsterdam, 1967.
Jorga N., Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, t. 1, Gotha, 1908.
Jorga N., Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des croisades au XVe siècle, t. 2, Paris, 1899, s. 139-160.
Konstantin dem Philosophen, Lebensbeschreibung des Despoten Stefan Lazarević von Konstantin dem Philosophen, wyd. M. Braun, Wiesbaden, 1956.
Matschke K. P., Die Schlacht bei Ankara und das Schicksal von Byzanz. Studien zur spätbyzantinischen Geschichte zwischen 1402 und 1422 (Forschungen zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 29), Weimar, 1981.
Nasturel M. S., Une victoire du Voévoda Mircea l’Ancien sur les Turcs devant Silistra (c. 1407-1408), “Studia et Acta Orientalia (Bucarest)“, 1958, t. 1, s. 239-247.
Neşri, Kitâb-i Cihânnümâ, wyd. F. R. Unat, M. A. Köymen, t. 1-2, Ankara, 1949-1957.
Novaković S., Srbi i Turci XIV i XV veka, Beograd, 1960.
Panaitescu P. P., Mircea cel Bătrăn, Bucureşti, 1943.
Papacostea Ş., La Valachie et la crise de structure de l’Empire ottoman (1402-1413), „Revue Roumaine d’Histoire”, 1986, nr 1-2, s. 23-33.
Radonić J., Der Grossvojvode von Bossnien Sandalj Hranić-Kosača, „Archiv für Slavische Philologie”, 1897, t. 19, s. 380-465.
Schaendlinger A. C., Osmanische Numismatik, Brunswick, 1973.
Schirò G., Cronaca dei Tocco di Cefalonia di Anonimo, Roma, 1975.
Schreiner P., Die Byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, t. 1, Wien, 1975.
Şerefeddina M. [Yaltkaya], Simawna Kadisi Oghlu Sheykh Bedr al-Din, Istanbul, 1925.
Shaw S. J., Historia Imperium Osmańskiego i Republiki Tureckiej, tłum. B. Świetlik, t. 1, Warszawa, 2012.
Shaw S. J., History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, t. 1, Cambridge, 1979.
Šišić F., Vojvoda Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i njegovo doba (1350-1416), Zagreb, 1902.
Stanojević S., Die Biograraphie Stefan Lazarević‘s von Konstantin dem Philosophen als Geschichtsquelle, „Archiv für Slavische Philologie“, 1876, t. 18.
Tayyib Gökbilgin M., Edirne [w:] The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden-New York, 1991, s. 683.
Thiriet F., La Romanie vénitienne au moyen age. Le développement et l’exploitation du domaine colonial vénitien (XIIe-XVe siècles), Paris, 1959.
Wasilewski T., Felczak W., Historia Jugosławii, Wrocław, 1985.
Werner E., Die Geburt einer Grossmacht – Die Osmanen, Berlin, 1978.
Werner E., Häresie, Klassenkampf und religiöse Toleranz in einer islamisch-christlichen Kontaktzone. Bedr ad-dīn und Bürklüce Mustafa, „Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften”, 1964, t. 12, s. 255-276.
Werner E., Ketzer und Weltverbesserer. Zwei Beiträge zur Geschichte Südosteuropas im 13. und 15. Jahrhundert, cz. II Šeih Bedr-eddin, Bürklüğe Mustafa und Chios, Berlin, 1974.
Wittek P., De la défaite d’Ankara à la prise de Constantinople, „Revue des études islamiques”, 1938, t. 1, s. 1-34.
Wittek P., Der „Beiname” des osmanischen Sultans Mehemmed I, „Eretz-Israel (Jerusalem)“, 1963, t. 7, s. 144-153.
Zachariadou E. A, marginalia on the history of Epirus and Albania (1386-1418), “Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes”, 1988, t. 78, s. 195-210.
Zachariadou E. A., Süleyman Çelebi in Rumili and the Ottoman chronicles, „Der Islam”, 1983, t. 9, s. 268-290.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)