Keywords
Serbia
China
United States of America
Croatia
North Macedonia
Montenegro
economic investments
liabilities
spheres of influence
How to Cite
Abstract
Chinese activity in the Balkans in the 21st century and its implications. The paper aims to present how China’s multi-sectoral engagement in the Balkans is expressed as well as to show its significance for the development of this region. The Balkans are important for powerful players, due to their geopolitical and geostrategic location at the crossroads of communication routes between continents. China strongly influences the economic sphere of the countries on the Peninsula and uses the tools of public diplomacy to reduce the influence of other important players: the EU, Russia and the United States in the region. The author hypothesizes that China, like the United States at the end of the 20th century, tries to build a sphere of its influence on the Balkan Peninsula in the era of globalization. The Balkans could be the “gateway” to further Chinese expansion in Europe.
References
Bastian J., China reconnects with the Balkans. Belt and road investments build on historical ties, 22.02.2018, https://reconasia.csis.org/china-reconnects-balkans/ [12.02.2022].
Beeson M., A community of shared destiny, 30.10.2020, https://www.thechinastory.org/a-community-of-shared-destiny/ [dostęp: 09.05.2021].
China: a new global player in the Balkans, “Helsinki Bulletin” 2018, nr 138, s. 2–5.
China – one of the most important national partners of Serbia, https://welcometoserbia.org/en/china-one-of-the-most-important-national-partners-of-serbia/ [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
China to aid Yugoslavia with millions of dollars, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/10/2 [dostęp: 09.01.2022].
China's gateway to Europe - the New Silk Road, part 2, https://www.dw.com/en/chinas-gateway-to-europe-the-new-silk-road-part-2/a-56125793 [dostęp: 11.02.2022].
Chińczycy rozbudowują port w Pireusie. Będzie trzeci w Europie, https://www.wnp.pl/logistyka/chinczycy-rozbudowuja-port-w-pireusie-bedzie-trzeci-w-europie,352577.html [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
Chińczycy zwiększają inwestycje na Bałkanach, 02.04.2012, https://forsal.pl/artykuly/607452,chinczycy-zwiekszaja-inwestycje-na-balkanach.html [dostęp: 15.04.2022].
Chourchoulis D., Greece and the People’s Republic of China in the Cold War, 1972 – 1989, [w:] Europe and China in the Cold War: exchanges beyond the Bloc Logic and the Sino-Soviet split, red. J. M. Schaufelbuehl, M. Wyss, V. Zanier, Leiden–Boston 2019.
Ciborek P., Monitor Chiny-Bałkany, 2021, nr 1, https://www.osa.uni.lodz.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/Jednostki/ Osrodek_Spraw_Azjatyckich/Monitory/Monitor_Chiny-Ba%C5%82kany/2021/OSA_MONITOR_BALKANY _STYCZEN_2021.pdf [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
Ciborek P., Monitor Chiny-Bałkany, 2021, nr 3, https://www.osa.uni.lodz.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/Jednostki/Osrodek_ Spraw_Azjatyckich/Monitory/Monitor_Chiny-Ba%C5%82kany/2021/OSA_MONITOR_BALKANY_MARZ EC_2021.pdf [dostęp: 21.01.2022].
Ciborek P., Monitor Chiny-Bałkany, 2021, nr 6, https://www.osa.uni.lodz.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/Jednostki/Osrodek_Spraw _Azjatyckich/Monitory/Monitor_Chiny-Ba%C5%82kany/2021/OSA_MONITOR_BALKANY_CZERWIEC_ 2021.pdf [dostęp: 09.01.2022].
Dokumenti CIA o Jugoslaviji 1948–1983, red. M. Pavlović, Beograd 2009.
Dziak W. J., Albania między Belgradem, Moskwą i Pekinem, Warszawa 1991.
Dziak W. J., Miejsce Chin w bloku komunistycznym przed Październikiem 1956 roku, https://swps.pl/nauka-i-badania/materialy-ccaw/2443-miejsce-chin-w-bloku-komunistycznym-przed-pazdziernikiem-1956-roku [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
Farsewicz P., Chorwacja. Most połączył półwysep Pelješac z kontynentem, 22.08.2021, https://www.ryneki bnfrastruktury.pl/mobile/chorwacja-most-polaczyl-polwysep-peljeac-z-kontynentem-77930.html [dostęp: 14.02.2022].
Gibas-Krzak D., Geopolityka Bałkanów, Warszawa 2021. https://doi.org/10.53271/2021.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53271/2021.010
Gibas-Krzak D., Serbsko-albański konflikt o Kosowo. Uwarunkowania – przebieg – konsekwencje, Toruń 2009.
Gočanin S., Kineski ministar odbrane sa Vučićem u Beogradu, 26.03.2021, https://www.slobodna evropa.org/a/vucic-srbija-kina-ministar-odbrane/31171120.html [dostęp: 09.01.2022].
Hauziński J., Leśny J., Historia Albanii, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków 1992.
Jakóbowski J., Hyndle-Hussein J., Kaczmarski M., Szczyt Chiny–Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia: nowa wizja współpracy, stare instrumenty, „Analizy OSW”, 02.12.2015, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2015 -12-02/szczyt-chiny-europa-srodkowo-wschodnia-nowa-wizja-wspolpracy-stare [dostęp: 14.02.2022].
Jakóbowski J., Xi Jinping w Serbii: nie tylko gospodarka, „Analizy OSW”, 22.06.2016, https://www.osw.waw. pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2016-06-22/xi-jinping-w-serbii-nie-tylko-gospodarka [dostęp: 19.02.2022].
Jakóbowski J., Seroka M., The Dubrovnik summit: the Europeanisation and enlargement of the 16+1 format, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2019-04-17/dubrovnik-summit-europeanisation-and-enlargement-161-format [dostęp: 14.01.2022].
Jelavich B., Historia Bałkanów, t. 2, Kraków 2005.
Kaczmarski M., Chiny–Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia: „16+1” widziane z Pekinu, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2015-04-14/chiny-europa-srodkowo-wschodnia-161-widziane-z-pekinu [dostęp: 11.02.2022].
Koseski A., Albania. Krótki zarys dziejów, Warszawa 1988.
Kościelny T., Nowoczesne połączenie Belgrad–Budapeszt coraz bliżej, 15.07.2018, https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/mobile/nowoczesne-polaczenie-belgrad--budapeszt-coraz-blizej-87894.h [dostęp: 19.02.2022].
Kościelny T., Rosja będzie modernizować serbską infrastrukturę kolejową, 23.01.2019, https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/mobile/rosja-bedzie-modernizowac-serbska-infrastrukture-kolejowa -90262.html [dostęp: 19.02.2022].
Kubica F., Dalszy rozwój stosunków albańsko-chińskich i ich wpływ na kształtowanie polityki zagranicznej i gospodarczej Albanii (Tirana 15.09.1978), Archiwum Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych, 22/82, teczka 1.
Makocki M., Płacą, więc wymagają. Chińskie inwestycje na Bałkanach. 11.07.2019, https://klubjagiellonski.pl /2019/07/11/placa-wiec-wymagaja-chinskie-inwestycje-na-balkanach/ [dostęp: 10.01.2022].
Mołotow W. M., O sytuacji międzynarodowej i polityce zagranicznej ZSRR, „O trwały Pokój o Demokrację Ludową” 1955, t. 6, s. 4–5.
Pavlowitch S. V., Historia Bałkanów (1804–1945), Warszawa 2009.
Popović S., “Steel friendship” between Serbia and China criticised by European commentators, 30.03.2020, https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/03/30/steel-friendship-between-serbia-and-china-criticised-by-european-commentators/ [dostęp: 19.02.2022].
Prtoric J., In Croatia, China’s building its bridge to Europe. The 2.4 km Pelješac bridge is key infrastructure for Croatia, and a showcase for China in Europe, 11.05.2020, https://chinadialogue.net/en/transport/12005-in-croatia-china-s-building-its-bridge-to-europe/ [dostęp: 14.02.2022].
Rapoza K., Albania becomes latest China magnet, 13.06.2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/ 2016/06/13/albania-becomes-latest-china-magnet/?sh=9281be24901e [dostęp: 15.01.2022].
Ross Johnson A., Yugoslavia and the Sino-Soviet conflict: the shifting triangle, 1948-1974, “Studies in Comparative Communism” 1974, t. 7, nr 1/2, s. 184–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3592(74)90032-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3592(74)90032-5
Serbia as China's favorite partner, https://www.dw.com/en/serbia-as-chinas-favorite-partner/a-56583379 [dostęp: 09.05.2021].
Seroka M, Budowa nowego terminalu głębokowodnego w Rijece, „Analizy OSW”, 01.12.2021, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/node/29337 [dostęp: 14.01.2022].
Shopov V., Decade of patience: how China became a power in the Western Balkans, 02.02.2021, https://ecfr.eu/ publication/decade-of-patience-how-china-became-a-power-in-the-western-balkans/ [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
Shopov V., Let a thousand contacts bloom: how China competes for influence in Bulgaria, 10.03.2022, https://ecfr.eu/publication/let-a-thousand-contacts-bloom-how-china-competes-for-influence-in-bulgaria/ [dostęp: 15.04.2022].
Szczudlik J., Relacje Chiny–Unia Europejska: perspektywy po szczycie, 26.07.2016, „Biuletyn PISM”, 2016, nr 47, https://pism.pl/publikacje/Relacje_Chiny___Unia_Europejska__perspektywy_po_szczycie [dostęp: 09.02.2022].
Szymajda M., Modernizacja linii Budapeszt–Belgrad na węgierskim odcinku ma chińskie finansowanie, 02.05.2020, https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/mobile/modernizacja-linii-budapeszt--belgrad-na-wegierskim-odcin ku-ma-chinskie-finansowanie-96485.html [dostęp: 09.01.2022].
Wysocka K., Chiny sięgają po Bałkany Zachodnie. Unia Europejska powinna się niepokoić, https://www. euractiv.pl/section/polityka-zagraniczna-ue/news/chiny-balkany-ue-unia-europejska-serbia-czarnogora-kosowo-albania-wspolpraca-polityka-zagraniczna-pekin-ekspansja-chinczycy/ [dostęp: 09.05.2021].
Zuokui L., The Risks of the Belt and Road Initative in the construction of Eurasian Economic Corridor, [w:] The new silk road: European perspectives. Security challenges/risks within the initiative 16 +1, red. Vladimir N. Cvetković, Belgrade 2018. https://doi.org/10.18485/fb_nsr.2018.ch1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18485/fb_nsr.2018.ch1
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Danuta Gibas-Krzak
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)