Keywords
borderland
migrations
Greece
the Balkans
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of the article is to show the borderlandness of the region called Western Thrace using the aspect od demographic and socio-political changes that occurred there after the First World War. Until the beginning of the 20th century this area was inhabited by communities with diverse cultural characteristics. Under Ottoman rule it was the part of a historical-geographical region called Thrace. It began to be recognised as a separate territorial unit and geopolitical question from the time of the Balkan Wars (Bulgarian Aegean Thrace, Turkish and Greek Western Thrace). It was finally annexed to Greece in 1920. On the basis of documentation from representatives of the Entente military, the League of Nations and the Greek authorities, the processes that contributed to the consolidation of a contemporary dichotomous cultural landscape in the region will be presented. On the one hand, it was subordinated to the paradigm of a unitary nation-state, while on the other hand, religious autonomy for more than a hundred thousand Muslims was included. In practice, however, this solution contributed to the isolation (ghettoisation) of the Muslim minority community, slowed down the integration of Muslims into Greek society and strengthened the control of the central administration over the affairs of the region.
References
Archives de la Société des Nations, Fonds Nansen, C. 1128, R. 1696, R.1697, R.1796, C.774,
Diplomatiko kai Istoriko Arheio (Arheio tou Ypourgeiou Exoterikōn) [Διπλωματικό και Ιστορικό Αρχείο (Αρχείο του Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών], AAk/kA (Μακεδονικα), teczka 48, 51, 53.
Genikī Statistikī Ypīresia tīs Ellados, Statistika apotelesmata tīs apografīs tou plīthysmou tīs Ellados tīs 15–16 Maiou 1928, Athīna 1923 [Γενική Στατιστική Υπηρεσία της Ελλάδος, Στατιστικά αποτελέσματα της απογραφής του πληθυσμού της Ελλάδος της 15–16 Μαΐου 1928, Αθήναι 1933].
Ypourgeion Ygieinīs, Pronoias kai Antilīpseōs, Tmīma Statistikīs, Apografī prosfygōn energitheisa kat’ Aprilion 1923, Athīna 1923 [Υπουργείον Υγιεινής, Πρόνοιας και Αντιλήψεως, Τμημα Στατιστικής, Απογραφή προσφύγων ενεργηθείσα κατ' Απρίλιον 1923, Αθήνα 1923].
Aarbakke V., The Muslim minority of Greek Thrace [praca doktorska], Bergen 2000.
Barwiński W., Pogranicze w ujęciu geograficzno-socjologicznym – zarys problematyki, „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica” 2022, t. 4, s. 11–23.
Bethemont J., Effets de frontière en Thrace occidentale, „Géocarrefour” 2002, t. 77, nr 4, s. 367–376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/geoca.2002.6279
Dalègre J., La Thrace Grecque. Populations et territoire, Paris 1977.
Dalègre J., La Thrace grecque, région frontière „CEMOTI” 1994, t. 17, s. 133–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/cemoti.278
Dalègre J., Réfugiés en Grèce: la Thrace occidentale 1922–1928, „Cahiers balkaniques” 2016, t. 44, s. 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ceb.9901
Fōtiadīs K., Ī egkatastasī tōn prosfygōn stī Dytikī Thrakī. Ī symviōsī tōn Xristianōn kai Mousoulmanōn Ellinōn, 1919–1930, Alexandroupolī 1995 [Φωτιάδης K., Η εγκατάσταση των προσφύγων στη Δυτική Θράκη. H συμβίωση των Xριστιανών και Mουσουλμάνων Eλλήνων, 1919–1930, Aλεξανδρούπολη 1995].
Geragas K., Anamnīseis ek Thrakīs 1920–1922, Katerinī 2005 (reprint oryginalnego wydania z 1925 r.) [Γεραγάς K., Αναμνήσεις εκ Θράκης 1920–1922, Κατερίνη 2005].
Hristos Ī, Ī Thrakī apeiletai. Aporrītī allīlografia. Tourkikī stratigikī mystikī polityki, meionotikes omades, Athīna 2018 [Χρήστος Η., Η Θράκη απειλείται. Απόρρητη αλληλογραφία. Τουρκική στρατηγική, μυστική πολιτική, μειονοτικές ομάδες, Αθήνα 2018].
Kalantzīs G. X., Ī apografī ton plīthysmōn tīs dytikīs Thrakīs apo to diasymmahiko kathestōs to 1919, „Deltio Kentrou Mikrasiatikōn Spoudōn” 2008, t. 15, s. 337–354 [Καλαντζής Γ. Ξ., Η απογραφή των πληθυσμών της δυτικής Θράκης από το διασυμμαχικό καθεστώς το 1919, „Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών” 2008, τ. 15]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/deltiokms.266
Katsapīs K., Antiparatheseis anamesa se gīgeneis kai prosfyges stīn Ellada tou Mesopolemou [w:] Pera apo tīn Katastrofī. Mikrasiates prosfyges stīn Ellada tou Mesopolemou, red. Γ. Τζεδόπουλος, Athīna 2003, s. 104–126 [Κατσάπης K., Αντιπαραθέσεις ανάμεσα σε γηγενείς και πρόσφυγες στην Ελλάδα του Μεσοπολέμου [w:] Πέρα από την Καταστροφή. Μικρασιάτες πρόσφυγες στην Ελλάδα του Μεσοπολέμου, εκδ. Γ. Τζεδόπουλος, Αθήνα 2003, σ. 104–126].
Katsikas S., Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821–1940, Oxford 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652005.001.0001
Klapsis A., Research Note: American Initiatives for the Relief of Greek Refugees 1922–1923, „Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal” 2011, t. 6, nr 1, s. 98–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.6.1.98
Kōstopoulos T., To „Makedoniko” tīs Thrakīs. Kratikoi shediasmoi gia tous Pomakous, Athīna 2009 [Κωστόπουλος T., Το „Μακεδονικό” της Θράκης. Κρατικοί σχεδιασμοί για τους Πομάκους, Αθήνα 2009].
Markellos A., Apo to parelthon kai eis to mellon [w:] G. Drakopoulou, Levkōma Thrakīs – Makedonias, Thrakikī Stoa, Komotīnī 1932, s. 47–50 [Μαρκέλλος A., Από το παρελθόν και εις το μέλλον [στο:] Γ. Δρακόπουλου, Λεύκωμα Θράκης – Μακεδονίας, Θρακική Στοά, Κομοτηνή 1932, σ. 47–50].
Markova M., B’lgarite v Zapadna Trakija – granici i identičnosti, XIX vek – 30-te godini na XX vek, Sofija 2021 [Маркова M., Българите в Западна Тракия – граници и идентичности, XIX век – 30-те години на ХХ век, София 2021].
Mihaīlidīs I., Metakinīseis slavofōnōn plīthysmōn (1912–1930). O polemos tōn statistikōn, Athīna 2003 [Μιχαηλίδης I., Μετακινήσεις σλαβόφωνων πληθυσμών (1912–1930). Ο πόλεμος των στατιστικών, Αθήνα 2003].
Nedeltchev Ch., Le problème de la Thrace occidentale, Paris 1943.
Oğuz Ç., Reality of the Magic of the East: Hemingway on the Greco-Turkish War and the Refugee Procession in Eastern Thrace, „Diacronie. Studi di storia contemporanea” 2019, t. 40, nr 4, s. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/diacronie.12459
Papadopoulos N., Ī egkatastasis ton prosfygōn [w:] G. Drakopoulou, Levkōma Thrakīs – Makedonias, Thrakikī Stoa, Komotīnī 1932, s. 165–169 [Παπαδόπουλος N., Η εγκατάστασις των προσφύγων [στο:] Γ. Δρακόπουλου, Λεύκωμα Θράκης – Μακεδονίας, Κομοτηνή 1932, σ. 165–169].
Paszkiewicz J., Prawna i polityczna identyfikacja mniejszości muzułmańskiej w Grecji w latach 1923–1941 [w:] Śladami Mistrza. Prace z historii najnowszej dedykowane Profesorowi Antoniemu Czubińskiemu, red. S. Sierpowski, Poznań 2013, s. 209–220.
Pentzopoulos D., The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact upon Greece, Paris 1962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112415863
Schultze J. H., Neugriechenland, Eine Landeskunde Ostmakedoniens und Westthrakiens mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Geomorphologie, Kolonistensiedlung und Wirtschaftsgeographie, „Petermanns Mitteilungen” 1937, nr 233, ss. 447.
Sergīs M. G., George Divine Treloar: ο Armostīs tīs Koinonias tōn Ethnōn kai ī prosfora tou stīn apokatastasī tōn ellīnōn prosfygōn stī Thrakī (1923–1926) [w:] Anaparastaseis kai apohōrismoi. Timītikos tomos stī mnīmī tīs Marthas Pylia, Komotīnī 2015, s. 329–351 [Σέργης Μ. Γ., George Divine Treloar: ο Αρμοστής της Κοινωνίας των Εθνών και η προσφορά του στην αποκατάσταση των ελλήνων προσφύγων στη Θράκη (1923–1926) [στo:] Αναπαραστάσεις και αποχωρισμοί. Τιμητικός τόμος στη μνήμη της Μάρθας Πύλια, Κομοτηνή 2015, σ. 329–351].
Wille Ch., Gerst D., Krämer H., The Multiplication of border methodology, „UniGR-CBS Thematic Issue” 2021, t. 6, s. 17–27.
Vakalopoulos K., Ī thrakikī exodos 1918–1922. Apo tī genoktonia, tīn palinnostīsī, to Tagiariko kathestōs kai tīn apeleutherosī, sto deutero xerisōmo, Stamoulīs, Thessalonikī 2003 [Βακαλόπουλος K., Η θρακική έξοδος 1918–1922. Από τη γενοκτονία, την παλιννόστηση, το Ταγιάρικο καθεστώς και την απελευθέρωση, στο δεύτερο ξεριζωμό, Θεσσαλονίκη 2003.
Zafeirīs K. N., Ī Thrakī kata tīn apografī tou 1928: megethos kai domī tou plīthysmous [w:] ‘Opseis tīs Istorias kai tou Politismou tīs Thrakīs, Komotīnī 2015, s. 391–420 [Ζαφείρης K. N., Η Θράκη κατά την απογραφή του 1928: μέγεθος και δομή του πληθυσμούs [στο:] Όψεις της Ιστορίας και του Πολιτισμού της Θράκης, Κομοτηνή 2015, σ. 391–420].
Vukov V., Resettlement waves, historical memory and identity construction: the case of Thracian refugees in Bulgaria [w:] Migration in the southern Balkans. From Ottoman territory to globalized nation states, red. H. Vermeulen, M. Baldwin-Edwards, R. van Boeschoten, New York–Dordrecht–London 2015, s. 63–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Jędrzej Paszkiewicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)