Keywords
Bayezid I
Wallachia
Ottoman Empire
Battle of Rovine
How to Cite
Abstract
The battle of Rovine between Mircea the Elde (the hospodar of Wallachia) and Bayezid I (the sultan of the Ottoman Empire) is a conventional term created by historians. In reality, it probably took place near the Wallachian capital of Argeş and on the river of the same name („na rowinach” or „in the ramparts”). The commonly accepted date, May 17, 1395, should be also treated conventionally. This is the date of the death of Constantine Dejanović Dragaš, who was killed at the time, but it is not known whether he died exactly on the day of the battle or later. In addition, it is likely that the battle did not last one day - one Ottoman source even speaks of a week. The news about the outcome of the battle is also contradictory. It was not resolved, both armies suffered very heavy losses, but they separated and retained their fighting ability. Bayezid I had enough forces to attack Nikopol and finally liquidate the Tsar of Bulgaria. Mircea retreated to Transylvania and joined his forces with Sigismund of Luxembourg's troops, with whom he recaptured Little Nikopol, or Turnu. The political situation of Wallachia after the battle of Rovine is unclear - almost all sources speak of the conclusion of peace and the payment of tribute by the hospodar. In reality, however, Mircea lost power in his capital to Vlad the Usurper. It is unclear whether Vlad was put on the throne by Bayezid I, or whether he took advantage of Mircea's difficulties and made some deals with the sultan. There is also no source basis for the claim that he was put on the throne by the Poles. The Polish royal couple, other than accepting the tribute document, did absolutely nothing about it.
References
Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie, Dokum. Perg. 5614.
Chalcocondil Laonic, Expuneri istorice, red. V. Grecu, Bucureşti 1958.
Cronicarii munteni, red. M. Gregorian, t. 1, București 1981.
Cronici turcești privind ţăriile române, red. M. Guboglu, M. Mehmed, t. 1, București 1966.
Decei Aurel, Două documente turceşti privitoare la expediţiile sultanilor Baiazid I şi Murad al II-lea în ţările române [w:] idem, Relaţii româno-orientale, Bucureşti 1978, s. 209–214.
Dujčev Ivan, Iz starata b'lgarska knižnina, Sofia 1944 [Дуйчевъ Иван, Изъ старата българска книжнина, София 1944].
Piekosiński Franciszek, Rachunki dworu króla Władysława Jagiełły i królowej Jadwigi z lat 1388–1420, Kraków 1896.
Georgios Sfrantzes, Memorii 1401–1481, red. V. Grecu, Bucureşti 1966.
Hurmuzaki Eudoxiu, Documente privitoare la istoria românilor, t. 1, część 2, Bucureşti 1890.
Konstantin Filosof, Život Stefana Lazarevića, despote Srpskog, oprac. Gordana Jovanović, Beograd 2009 [Константин Фолософ, Живот Стефана Лазаревића, деспотa српског, ypeд. Гордана Jовановић, Београд 2009].
Miklosich Franz, Müller Jozeph, Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitani, t. 1, Vindobonae 1862.
Moxa Mihai, Cronica universală, red. Gheorghe Mihăilă, Bucureşti 1989.
Orbini Mavro, Il regno de gli Slavi, Pesaro 1601.
Stojanović Ljubomir, Stari srpski rodoslovi i ljetopisi, Sr. Karlovci 1927 [Стојановић Љубомир, Стари српски родослови и летописи, Ср. Карловци 1927].
Stojanović Ljubomir, Stari srpski zapisi i nadpisi, t. 3, Beograd 1984 [Стоjановић Љубомир, Стари српски записи и надписи, кн. 3, Београд 1984].
Tiutiundžiev Ivan, B'lgarskata anonimna chronika, Veliko Tyrnovo 1992 [Тютюиджиев Иван, Българската анонимна хроника, Велико Търново 1992].
Anastasijević Dragutin, Srpkinja vizantijska carica, Beograd 20004 [Анастасиjевић Драгутин Н., Српкиња византиjска царица, Београд 2004].
Baum Wilhelm, Kaiser Sigismund. Hus, Konstanz und Türkenkriege, Graz–Wien–Köln 1993.
Bolshacov A. A., Localizarea bătăliei de la Rovine, „Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie” 1960, t. 4, 1960, s. 391–394.
Constantinescu Nicolae, Puncte de vedere asupra datării bătaliei de la Rovine (17 V 1395), „Revista Istorică” 1990, t. 1, nr 7–8, s. 783–802.
Czamańska Ilona, Król Marko Mrnjavčević ‒ pytania i wątpliwości [w:] Na szlakach dwóch światów. Studia ofiarowane prof. Jerzemu Hauzińskiemu, red. A. Teterycz-Puzio, Słupsk 2016, s. 213–226.
Czamańska Ilona, Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV-XV wieku, Poznań 1996.
Czamańska Ilona, Wasale, trybutariusze, sojusznicy. Charakter relacji państw bałkańskich z Turcją osmańską w XIV wieku, „Slavia Meridionalis” 2011, t. 11, s. 37–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/sm.2011.003
Decei Aurel, Istoria Imperiului Otoman până la 1656, Bucureşti 1978.
Decei Aurel, Relaţii româno-orientale, Bucureşti 1978, s. 140–155.
Diţa Alexandru, 17 mai 1395 o dată împortantă în istoria universală ̶ victoria românească de la Rovine [w:] Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987, s. 254–277.
Diţa Alexandru, Mircea cel Mare între realitatea medievală şi fictiunea istoriografică modernă, Bucureşti 2000.
Gemil Tahsin, Mircea l'Ancien face à la politique impériale de Bayezid Ier, „Revue Roumaine d'Histoire” 1986, t. 25, nr 1–2, s. 3–22.
Gemil Tahsin, Raporturile româno-otomane în vremea lui Mircea cel Mare [w:] Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987, s. 330–364.
Giurescu Constantin C., Giurescu Dinu C., Istoria românilor din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă la astăzi, Bucureşti 1975.
Hurmuzaki Eudoxiu, Documente privitoare la istoria românilor, t. 1, część 2, Bucureşti 1890.
Iliescu Octavian, Vlad Ier voivode de Valachie, la règne, le seceau et les monnaies, „Revue Roumaine d'Histoire” 1988, t. 27, nr 1–2, s. 73–105.
Inalcik Halil, An ottoman document on Bayezid I expedition into Hungary and Wallachia [w:] Actes du X Congrès International d'Etudes Byzantines, Istanbul 1957, s. 220–222.
X Congrès International d'Etudes Byzantines, Istanbul 1957, s. 220-222.
Iosipescu Sergiu, Doua chestiuni de geografie istorică: 1) in Podunavia sub Marele Mircea Voievod al Ţării Româneşti; II) locul bataliei de la Rovine [w:] Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987, s. 430–446.
Jireček Konstantin, Istorija Srba. Politička istorija do 1537g., tłum. J. Radonjić, Beograd 1952 [Jиречек Константин, Историjа Срба. Политичка историjа до 1537 г., превео J. Радоњић, Београд 1952].
Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987.
Maxim Mihai, Cu privire la înţelegerile de pace româno-otomane din timpul domniei lui Mircea cel Mare [w:] Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987, s. 365–396.
Miklosich Franz, Müller I., Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitani, t. 1, Vindobonae 1862.
Papacostea Şerban, Mircea cel Bătrân şi Baiazid. La cunoaşterea confrontarolor lor armate, "Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie", 1988, t. 16, s. 19–21.
Pervain Viorica, Relaţiile Ţării Româneşti cu Ungaria la sfîrşitul veacului al XIV-lea, „Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie Cluj-Napoca” 1975, t. 18, s. 89–117.
Radojicić Georges. Sp., La chronologie de la bataille de la Rovine, „Revue historique de Sud-Est eurepeènnes”, 1.04.1928, s. 136–138.
Rezachevici Constantin, Batalia de la Rovine - un moment de vîrf al resistenţei româneşti antiotomane, „Revista Arhivelor” 1994, t. 71, nr 4, s. 315–322.
Rezachevici Constantin, Rolul românilor în apărarea Europei de expansiunea otomană secolele XIV-XVI, Bucureşti 2001.
Stoicescu Nicolae, Batalia de la Rovine (17 mai 1395), Bucureşti 1986.
Veliman Valeriu, Domnia lui Mircea cel Mare în viziunea istoriografiei otomane (sec. XV-XVIII) [w:] Marele Mircea voievod, red. Ion Pătroiu, Bucureşti 1987, s. 397–429.
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ilona Czamańska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)