Abstrakt
This article presents the phonological systems of music and speech as two different Humboldt systems which evolved for different reasons. The mental and the intersubjective characteristics of both systems are presented, including the relations between music and speech and the respective conceptual mental representations. The main aim of this paper is to suggest that the phonological system of music evolved earlier than articulated speech. As a result, the phonological system of speech emerged as a connection between two existing mental mechanisms, one that enabled our ancestors to use the Humboldt system in the domain of vocal communication and another which allowed them to combine referential meaning with sound symbols.
Bibliografia
Ackermann, H., Hage, S. R., Ziegler, W. 2014. Brain Mechanisms of Acoustic Communication in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: An Evolutionary Perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37 (6): 529–546.
Bannan, N. 2012. Harmony and Its Role in Human Evolution. w: Music, Language, and Human Evolution, edited by Nicholas Bannan, 288–340. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Becker, J. 2004. Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Berent, I. 2012. The Phonological Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bever, T. G., Chiarello, R. J. 1974. Cerebral Dominance in Musicians and Nonmusicians. Science 185 (4150): 537–539.
Bharucha, J., Curtis, M., Paroo, K. 2011. Musical Communication as Alignment of Brain States. w: P. Rebuschat, M. Rohrmeier, J. A. Hawkins, I. Cross (Eds.) Language and Music as Cognitive Systems, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 139–155.
Bickerton, D. 2010. Adam’s Tongue : How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans. Hill and Wang.
Bielawski, L. 1968. Muzyka Jako System Fonologiczny. Res Facta 3: 166–171.
Black, E., Stevenson, J. L., Bish, J. P. 2017. The Role of Musical Experience in Hemispheric Lateralization of Global and Local Auditory Processing. Perception 46 (8): 956–975.
Boas, F. 1982. Race, Language, and Culture. University of Chicago Press.
Booth, J. R., Wood, L., Lu, D., Houk, J. C., Bitan, T. 2007. The Role of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum in Language Processing. Brain Research 1133 (1): 136–144.
Brandt, A., Gebrian, M., Slevc, L. R. 2012. Music and Early Language Acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 3 (SEP): 1–17.
Brown, S. 2000. The ‘musilanguage’ model of Musical Evolution. w: N. L. Wallin, B. Merker, S. Brown (Eds.) The Origins of Music, Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 271–300.
Casasanto, D. 2008. Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought. Language Learning 58 (1): 63–79.
Damasio, A. R. 2011. Błąd Kartezjusza : Emocje, Rozum i Ludzki Mózg. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy “Rebis.”
Darwin, Ch. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1sted. London: John Murray.
Deutsch, D., Dooley, K., Henthorn, T. 2008. Pitch Circularity from Tones Comprising Full Harmonic Series. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 (1): 589–597.
Deutsch, D., Henthorn, T., Lapidis, . 2011. Illusory Transformation from Speech to Song. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129 (4): 2245–2252.
Deutsch, D., Lapidis, R., Henthorn, T. 2008. The Speech-to-Song Illusion. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 (4): 2471.
Dor, D., Jablonka, E. 2001. How Language Changed the Genes: Toward an Explicit Account of the Evolution of Language. w: New Essays on the Origin of Language, 149–176. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Dor, D. 2010. Plasticity and Canalization in the Evolution of Linguistic Communication: An Evolutionary Developmental Approach. w: R. K. Larson, V. Deprez, H. Yamakido (Eds.) The Evolution of Human Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–147.
Dutton, D. 2009. The Art Instinct : Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution. New York, Berlin, London: Bloomsbury Press.
Fitch, W. T. 2013. Rhythmic Cognition in Humans and Animals: Distinguishing Meter and Pulse Perception. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 7 (October): 68.
Fitch, W. T., Jarvis, E. D. 2013. Birdsong and Other Animal Models for Human Speech, Song, and Vocal Learning. w: Language, Music and the Brain, 499–539.
Franklin, E., Baumgarte, R. 1978. Auditory Laterality Effects for Melodic Stimuli Among Musicians and Nonmusicians. Journal of Research in Music Education 26 (1): 48–56.
Gorzelańczyk, E. J., Podlipniak, P., Walecki, P., Karpiński, M., Tarnowska, E. 2017. Pitch Syntax Violations Are Linked to Greater Skin Conductance Changes, Relative to Timbral Violations – The Predictive Role of the Reward System in Perspective of Cortico–subcortical Loops. Frontiers in Psychology 8 (April): 1–11.
Harvey, A. R. 2017. Music, Evolution, and the Harmony of Souls. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., Fitch, W. T. 2002. The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? Science 298 (5598): 1569–1579.
Hilliard, A. T., White, S. A. 2009. Possible Precursors of Syntactic Components in Other Species. w: D. Bickerton, E. Szathmáry (Eds.) Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax, Cambridge, London: The MIT Press, pp. 161–183.
Huron, D. B. 2006. Sweet Anticipation : Music and the Psychology of Expectation. Cambridge, London: The MIT Press.
Huron, D. B. 2016. Voice Leading: The Science behind a Musical Art. Cambridge, London: MIT Press.
Jablonka, E., Lamb, M. J. 2005. Evolution in Four Dimensions : Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, London: MIT Press.
Jackendoff, R., Lerdahl, F. 2006. The Capacity for Music: What Is It, and What’s Special about It? Cognition 100 (1): 33–72.
Jacob, F. 1977. Evolution and Tinkering. Science 196 (4295): 1161–1166.
Janata, P., Grafton, S. T. 2003. Swinging in the Brain: Shared Neural Substrates for Behaviors Related to Sequencing and Music. Nature Neuroscience 6 (7): 682–687.
Janik, V. M., Slater, P. J. B. 1997. Vocal Learning in Mammals. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26 (C): 59–99.
Jones, M. R. 2009. Musical Time. w: S. Hallam, I. Cross, M. Thaut (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 81–92.
Kaan, E., Barkley, Ch. M., Bao, M., Wayland, R. 2008. Thai Lexical Tone Perception in Native Speakers of Thai, English and Mandarin Chinese: An Event-Related Potentials Training Study. BMC Neuroscience 9 (9): 1–17.
Kalan, A. K., Mundry, R., Boesch, Ch. 2015. Wild Chimpanzees Modify Food Call Structure with Respect to Tree Size for a Particular Fruit Species. Animal Behaviour 101: 1–9.
Kay, P., McDaniel, Ch. K. 1978. The Linguistic Significance of the Meanings of Basic Color Terms. Language 54 (3): 610–646.
Koelsch, S. 2005. Neural Substrates of Processing Syntax and Semantics in Music. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 (2): 207–212.
Koelsch, S. 2011. Towards a Neural Basis of Processing Musical Semantics. Physics of Life Reviews 8 (2): 89–105.
Koelsch, S., Kilches, S., Steinbeis, N., Schelinski, S. 2008. Effects of Unexpected Chords and of Performer’s Expression on Brain Responses and Electrodermal Activity. PLoS ONE 3 (7).
Kotz, S. A., Schwartze, M. 2010. Cortical Speech Processing Unplugged: A Timely Subcortico-Cortical Framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (9): 392–399.
Lerdahl, F. 2013. Musical Syntax and Its Relation to Linguistic Syntax. w: M. A. Arbib (Ed.) Language, Music, and the Brain, Cambridge, London: The MIT Press, pp. 257–272.
Lerdahl, F., Jackendoff, R. 1983. A Generative Theory of Tonal Music. Cambridge, London: The MIT Press.
London, J. 2012. Three Things Linguists Need to Know About Rhythm and Time in Music. Empirical Musicology Review 7 (1–2): 5–11.
Marler, P., Doupe, A. J. 2000. Singing in the Brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (7): 2965–2967.
Mazzucchi, A., Parma, M., Cattelani, R. 1981. Hemispheric Dominance in the Perception of Tonal Sequences in Relation to Sex, Musical Competence and Handedness. Cortex 17 (2): 291–302.
McGurk, H., MacDonald, J. 1976. Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices. Nature 264 (23/30): 746–748.
Merker, B. 2002. Music: The Missing Humboldt System. Musicae Scientiae 6: 3–21.
Merker, B. 2003. Is There a Biology of Music? And Why Does It Matter? w: C. Kopiez, R. Lehmann, A. C. Wolther, I. Wolf (Eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Triennial ESCOM Conference, Hanover: Hanover University of Music and Drama, pp. 402–405.
Merker, B. 2005. The Conformal Motive in Birdsong, Music, and Language: An Introduction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1060 (December): 17–28.
Merker, B. 2012. The Vocal Learning Constellation. w: N. Bannan (Ed.) Music, Language, and Human Evolution, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 215–260.
Mithen, S. J. 2009. The Music Instinct: The Evolutionary Basis of Musicality. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1169: 3–12.
Mithen, S. J. 2006. The Singing Neanderthals : The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Morley, I. 2013. The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Okanoya, K. 2013. Finite-State Song Syntax in Bengalese Finches: Sensorimotor Evidence, Developmental Processes, and Formal Procedures for Syntax Extraction. w: J. J. Bolhuis, M. Everaert (Eds.) Birdsong, Speech, and Language: Exploring the Evolution of Mind and Brain, Cambridge, London: MIT Press, pp. 229–242.
Ono, K., Nakamura, A., Yoshiyama, K., Kinkori, T., Bundo, M., Kato, T., Ito, K. 2011. The Effect of Musical Experience on Hemispheric Lateralization in Musical Feature Processing. Neuroscience Letters 496 (2): 141–145.
Opacic, T., Stevens, C., Tillmann, B. 2009. “nspoken Knowledge: Implicit Learning of Structured Human Dance Movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35 (6): 1570–1577.
Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, J. 2005. Affective Consciousness: Core Emotional Feelings in Animals and Humans. Consciousness and Cognition 14 (1): 30–80.
Patel, A. D. 2003. Language, Music, Syntax and the Brain. Nature Neuroscience 6 (7): 674–681.
Patel, A. D. 2008. Music, Language, and the Brain. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Payne, K. 2000. The Progressively Changing Songs of Humpback Whales: A Window on the Creative Process in a Wild Animal. w: N. L. Wallin, B. Merker, S. Brown (Eds.) The Origins of Music. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, pp. 135–150.
Pearce, E., Jacques L., Dunbar, R. I. M. 2015. The Ice-Breaker Effect : Singing Mediates Fast Social Bonding. Royal Society Open Science 2 (10): 1–9.
Pearce, E., Launay, J., van Duijn, M., Rotkirch, A., David-Barrett, T., Dunbar, R. I. M. 2016. Singing Together or Apart: The Effect of Competitive and Cooperative Singing on Social Bonding within and between Sub-Groups of a University Fraternity. Psychology of Music 44 (6): 1255–1273.
Pepperberg, I. M. 2012. Evolution of Communication and Language: Insights from Parrots and Songbirds. w: M. Gibson, K. R. Tallerman (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 109–119.
Pinker, S. 2002. Jak Działa Umysł. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Pinker, S., Jackendoff, R. 2005. The Faculty of Language: What’s Special about It? Cognition 95 (2): 201–236.
Podlipniak, P. 2016. The Evolutionary Origin of Pitch Centre Recognition. Psychology of Music 44 (3): 527–543.
Purves, D. 2017. Music as Biology: The Tones We like and Why. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press.
Rakowski, A. 2009. The Domain of Pitch in Music. Archives of Acoustics 34 (4): 429–443.
Roederer, J. G. 1984. The Search for a Survival Value of Music. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1 (3): 350–356.
Roederer, J. G. 2003. On the Concept of Information and Its Role in Nature. Entropy 5 (1): 3–33.
Romberg, A. R., Saffran, J. R. 2010. Statistical Learning and Language Acquisition. Cognitive Science 1 (6): 906–914.
Rossing, T. D. 2007. Introduction to Acoustics. w: A. R. Rossing (Ed.) Springer Handbook of Acoustics, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1–6.
Rothenberg, D., Roeske, T. C., Voss, H. U., Naguib, M., Tchernichovski, O. 2014. Investigation of Musicality in Birdsong. Hearing Research 308: 71–83.
Saunders, B. A. C., Van Brakel, J. 1997. Are There Nontrivial Constraints on Colour Categorization? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20: 167–228.
Schweiger, A, Maltzman, I. 1985. Behavioural and Electrodermal Measures of Lateralization for Music Perception in Musicians and Nonmusicians. Biological Psychology 20 (2): 129–145.
Shannon, R. V. 2016. Is Birdsong More Like Speech or Music? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (4): 245–247.
Soha, J. A., Peters, S. 2015. Vocal Learning in Songbirds and Humans: A Retrospective in Honor of Peter Marler. Ethology 121 (10): 933–945.
Spinozzi, G. 1996. Categorization in Monkeys and Chimpanzees. Behavioural Brain Research 74 (1–2): 17–24.
Stainsby, T., Cross, I. 2008. The Perception of Pitch. w: S. Hallam, I. Cross, M. Thaut (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 47–58.
Steinbeis, N., Koelsch, S. 2008. Comparing the Processing of Music and Language Meaning Using EEG and fMRI Provides Evidence for Similar and Distinct Neural Representations. PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2226.
Storr, A. 1992. Music and the Mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
Tarr, B., Launay, J., Dunbar, R. I. M. 2016. Silent Disco: Dancing in Synchrony Leads to Elevated Pain Thresholds and Social Closeness. Evolution and Human Behavior 37 (5): 343–349.
Tarr, B., Launay, J., Dunbar, R. I. M. 2014. Music and Social Bonding: ‘Self-Other’ Merging and Neurohormonal Mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (SEP): 1–10.
Tillmann, B., Bharucha, J. J., Bigand, E. 2000. Implicit Learning of Tonality: A Self-Organizing Approach. Psychological Review 107 (4): 885–913.
Watson, S. K., Townsend, S. W., Schel, A. M., Wilke, C., Wallace, E. K., Cheng, L., West, V., Slocombe, K. E. 2015. Vocal Learning in the Functionally Referential Food Grunts of Chimpanzees. Current Biology 25 (4): 495–499.
Weinstein, D., Launay, J., Pearce, E., Dunbar, R. I. M., Stewart, L. 2016. Singing and Social Bonding: Changes in Connectivity and Pain Threshold as a Function of Group Size. Evolution and Human Behavior 37 (2): 152–158.
Wolff, P., Holmes, K. J. 2011. “inguistic Relativity. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2 (3): 253–265.
Ylinen, S., Shestakova, A., Alku, P., Huotilainen, M. 2005. The Perception of Phonological Quantity Based on Durational Cues by Native Speakers, Second-Language Users and Nonspeakers of Finnish. Language and Speech 48 (3): 313–338.
Zimmermann, E., Leliveld, L., Schehka, S. 2013. Toward the Evolutionary Roots of Affective Prosody in Human Acoustic Communication: A Comparative Approach to Mammalian Voices. w: E. Altenmüller, S. Schmidt, E. Zimmermann (Eds.) Evolution of Emotional Communication: From Sounds in Nonhuman Mammals to Speech and Music in Man. pp. Oxford, New York, 116–132.