Starcie kultur prawnych: Przekład na język angielski jako język komunikacji interkulturowej
PDF

Jak cytować

Goddard, C. (2009). Starcie kultur prawnych: Przekład na język angielski jako język komunikacji interkulturowej. Investigationes Linguisticae, 17, 168–205. https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2009.17.12

Abstrakt

Increasing supranational legislation and other factors fuel interaction between legal cultures. This leads to greater need both for a new breed of international lawyer and for legal translators. Moreover, the rise of English as the de facto global legal language intensifies the need for translation of legal texts into English and, as a corollary, production of legal texts in English. In practice, both involve individuals whose native tongue is other than English (NNS) in an endeavour fraught with traps for the unwary. To illustrate against the relevant theoretical background, legal texts are presented that involve the author as translator into English from French, German, and Russian, and as reviser, editor, and proofreader of English-language legal text prepared by NNS. Findings suggest a need to equip practitioners with certain knowledge and skills, implying a corresponding need for education, training, and legal linguistic research.
https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2009.17.12
PDF

Bibliografia

Ajani, G., and Rossi, P. 2006. Multilingualism and the Coherence of European private Law. In: Pozzo, B. and Jacometti, V. (eds) Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law. Kluwer Law International, pp. 79-93.

bnt http://www.bnt.eu/

Bhatia, V., K., Candlin, C. N., Allori, P. E. (eds). 2008. Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang.

Blomqvist, L. 2006. One Little Word... In: Anne Wagner and Sophie Cacciaguidi-Fahy (eds) Legal Language and the Search for Clarity: Practice and Tools. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 303-27.

Boella, G. and van der Torre, L. Contracts in Multiagent Systems: the Legal Institution Perspective at www.cs.unipr.it/CILC04/DownloadArea/BoellavdTCILC04.pdf last visited 27 July 2009.

Bocquet, C. 1994. Pour une méthode de traduction juridique. Prilly: CB Service.

Chartered Institute of Linguists Handbook at www.iol.org.uk/qualifications/DipTrans/DipTransHandbook.pdf last visited 16 July 2009.

Bogdan, M. 1994. Comparative Law. Kluwer.

Butler, W. E. 1999. Russian Law, 1 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Campana, M.-J. 2000. Vers un langage juridique commun en Europe? 8 European Review of Private Law.

Cao, D. 2007. Translating Law. In: Multilingual Matters 2007, pp. 53-82.

Chloros, A.G. 1968. The Doctrine of Consideration and the Reform of the Law of Contract. In: 17 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, p. 137.

Chromá, M. 2008. Semantic and Legal Interpretation: Two Approaches to Legal Translation. In: V. K. Bhatia, C. N. Candlin & P. E. Allori (eds) Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 303-315.

Chromá, M. 2009. Semantic and legal Interpretation: Clash or Accord? In: Šarčević, S. (ed.) Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, pp. 27-42.

CILFIT v. Ministère de la santé, Case 283/81 [1982] ECR 3415, paras 18–19.

Collins, H. 1995. European Private Law and the Cultural Identities of States, 3 European Review of Private Law, pp. 353–365.

Crystal, D. 1997. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: CUP.

Dam, Cees van. 2007. European Tort Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. In: T. Wilhelmsson, E. Paunio and A. Pohjolainen (eds), Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 58-80.

David, R. and Brierley, J.E.C. 1978. Major Legal Systems in the World Today, 2nd ed. London: Steven.

V. V. Dmidov, V. M. Zykov. 2001. Kommentarii k Zakonodatelstvy o Mirovyx sudjax, Moscow.

Domijan-Arneri, M. 2009. Problems in multilingual Litigation – A Practical Perspective. In: Šarčević, S. (ed.), Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Nakladni zavod Globus, Zagreb, pp. 345-360.

Drobnig, U. Snijder, H.J. and Zippro, E.-J. (eds). 2006. Divergences of Property Law, an Obstacle to the Internal Market? München, Sellier. European Law Publishers.

Drolshammer, Jens & Vogt, Nedim P. 2003. English as the Language of Law? An Essay on the Legal Lingua Franca of a Shrinking World. Zürich-Basel-Genf: Schulthess Juristische Medien AG.

Durieux, C. 1997. Traduction et linguistique textuelle. In: Terminologie et traduction, 1.

Ellos v OHIM (ELLOS) (2002) ECR II-753 Case T-219/00.

Federalnyj zakon nr 188 O mirovych sudjach Rossijskoj Federatsii. 17 December 1988.

Fédération Internationale de Traducteurs conference, June 2008, Tampere (Driesen presentation) at http://www.box.net/shared/upud8nfk0o last visited 02 August 2009.

Frade, C. 2009. Generic Variation in Cross-examination across legal Systems. In Šarčević, S. (ed.), Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, pp. 377-392.

Galinski, Ch., Schmitz, K-d (Hg.). 1996. Terminology and Knowledge Engineering (TKE ’96) Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag.

Gallas, T. 2006. Understanding EC Law as ‘Diplomatic Law’ and its Language. In: Pozzo, B. and Jacometti, V. (eds) Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law Kluwer Law International, pp. 119-128.

Garzone, G. 2008. International Commercial Arbitration Rules as Translated/Rewritten Texts. In: Vijay K. Bhatia, Christopher N. Candlin & Paola Evangelisti Allori (eds) Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 47-73.

Gémar, J.-C. 1988. La Traduction Juridique: Art ou Technique d’Interprétation? In: Meta 33/2, pp. 305-319.

Gémar, J.-C. 1995. Traduire ou l’art d’interpréter, Vol. I & II, Sainte-Foy, Presses de l’Université du Québec.

Gémar, J.-C. 2002. Le plus et le moins-disant culturel du texte juridique. Langue, culture et equivalence. In: Meta, XLVII, 2.

Gémar, J.-C. 2006. What Legal Translation is and is not – Within or Outside the EU. In: Pozzo, B. and Jacometti, V. (eds) Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law Kluwer Law International, pp. 69-77.

Gerven, W. van. 2004. The ECJ-Case law as a Means of Unification of Private Law? In: Towards a European Civil Code, A. Hartkamp et al. (eds) 3rd edn, Deventer: Kluwer.

Gessner, V., Hoeland, A., and Varga, C. (eds). 1996. European Legal Cultures. Dartmouth. Aldershot. Translation by John Blazek, Brussels.

Glanert, S. 2006. Zur Sprache gebracht: Rechtsvereinheitlichung in Europa. European Review of Private Law.

Glenn, H. P. 2006. Aims of Comparative Law. In: Elgar Encyclopaedia of Comparative Law, pp. 57, 59 (Jan Smits ed.)

Goldstein, T., Lieberman, J. K. 1991. Lawyer’s Guide to Writing Well. Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Gotti, M. 2008. The Formulation of legal Concepts in Arbitration Normative Texts. In: V. K. Bhatia, Ch. N. Candlin & P. E. Allori (eds) Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang, pp.23-46.

Gotti, M. 2009. Legal Drafting in an International Context: Linguistic and Cultural Issues. In: Šarčević, S. (ed.), Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, pp. 277-299.

Groot, G.-R. de. 1987. Problems of legal Translation from the point of View of a Comparative Lawyer. In: Netherlands Reports to the Twelfth International Congress of Comparative Law, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Institute, pp. 1-19.

Groot, G.-R. de. 1991. Law, Legal Language and the Legal System: Reflections of the Problems of Translating Legal texts. ‘Recht, Rechtsprache und Rechtsystem: Betrachtungen über die Problematik der Übersetzung juristischer Texte’. In: Terminologie et Traduction, 3, pp. 279-312 in Volkmar Gessner, Armin Hoeland, Csaba Varga (eds). European Legal Cultures. Dartmouth. Aldershot. 1996. Translation by John Blazek, Brussels, p.155 et seq.

Groot, G.-R. de. 1999. Das Übersetzen juristischer Terminologie. In: Gerard- Groot,

Gérard-René de / Schulze, Reiner (eds), Recht und Übersetzen, Baden-Baden, Nomos, pp. 11-46.

Groot, G.-R. de. 2002. Rechtsvergleichung also Kerntätigkeit bei der Übersetzung juristischer Terminologie. In: Ulrike Hass-Zumkehr (Hrsg.) Sprache und Recht. Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Sprache 2001. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, pp. 222 239.

Groot, G.-R. de, and Van Laer, Conrad J. P. October 21, 2008. The Quality of Legal Dictionaries: An Assessment. Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper No 6 2008/6 p. 11/59 (PDF version). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1287603 last visited 04 July 2009.

Guggeis, M. 2006. Multilingual Legislation and the Legal-linguistic Revision. In: Pozzo, B. and Jacometti, V. (eds) Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law Kluwer Law International, pp. 109-117.

Habermas, J. 1981. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Bde 1-2. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.

Hart, H.L.A. 1997. The Concept of Law 2nd edition. Oxford University Press.

Hass-Zumkehr, U. 2001. (Hrsg.) Sprache und Recht. Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Sprache. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.

Hoecke, M. van, Warrington, M. 1998. Legal Cultures, Legal Paradigms and Legal Doctrine: Towards a New Model for Comparative Law. In: 47 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 532–536.

Hoecke, M. van (ed.). 2004. Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law, Oxford: Hart. International Legal English Certificate: http://www.legalenglishtest.org/ last visited 06 August 2009.

Husa, J. 2009. Turning the Curriculum Upside Down: Comparative Law as an Educational Tool for Constructing Pluralistic Legal Mind. German Law Journal No. 7 (1 July 2009) http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=1129 last visited 17 July 2009.

Jayme, E. 1999. Langue et droit. Rapport general. In: Jayme, E. (ed.) Langue et droit. Xve Congrès international de droit compare. Bruxelles: Bruylant, pp. 11-34.

Joseph, John E. 1995. Indeterminacy, Translation and the Law. In: Marshal Morris (ed.) Translation and the Law. American Translators Association Series, vol. VIII. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 3-36.

Juutilainen, T. 2007. Security Rights and the Lack of a Priority Debate: How to Proceed with Choice of Law and Harmonization? In: Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and Pohjolainen, A. (eds), Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 343-363.

Kasirer, N. 1999. Lex-icographie Mercatoria. The American Journal of Comparative Law 47/4.

Kachru, B. 1990. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Function and Models of nonnative Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon.

Kähler, L. 2007. Conflict and Compromise in the Harmonization of European Law. In: Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and Pohjolainen, A. (eds), Private Law and the

Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 126-139.

Kennedy, R. 2000. Much Ado about Nothing: Problems in the Translation Industry. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 14/2, pp. 423-444.

Kjaer, A. L. 2004. A Common Legal Language in Europe? In: Mark van Hoecke (ed.) Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law, Oxford: Hart, pp. 377-398.

Kjaer, A. L. 2007. Legal Translation in the European Union: A Research Field in Need of a New Approach. In Krzysztof Kredens and Stanislaw Goźdź-Roszkowski (eds) Language and the Law: International Outlooks, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, pp. 69-95.

Kocbek, A. 2009. A Targeted Approach to Legal Translation. In: Šarčević, S. (ed.), Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, pp. 43-62.

Kramsch, C. 1993. Context and Culture in Language teaching. OUP.

Kredens, K., Goźdź-Roszkowski, S. (eds). 2007. Language and the Law: International Outlooks, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.

Lavoie, J. 2003. Faut-il être Juriste ou Traducteur pour Traduire le Droit? Meta 48/3, pp. 394-401.

Legrand, P. 1996. How to Compare Now. 16 Legal Studies, pp. 234–235.

Leo, D. de. 1999. Pitfalls in Legal Translation. Translation Journal Vol. 3 No. 2 April 1999 at http://accurapid.com/journal/08legal.htm last visited 22 July 2009.

Lerat, P. 2002. Vocabulaire juridique et schémas d’arguments juridiques. In: XLVII Meta, 2.

Lessig, L. 1993. Fidelity in Translation. Texas Law Review 71. Austin TX: University of Texas, 1165.

Lindroos-Hovinheimo, S. 2007. On the Indeterminacy of Legal Translation. In: T. Wilhelmsson, E. Paunio and A. Pohjolainen (eds), Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 367-383.

Longa, V.M. 2004. A Nonlinear Approach to Translation. 16 Target: International Journal on Translation Studies, pp. 209–210.

Markesinis, B. S., Deakin, S. 2003. Tort Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Mattila, H. 2006. Comparative Legal Linguistics, Ashgate.

Morris, M. (ed.). 1995. Translation and the Law). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Moss, G. C. 2007. Harmonized Contract Clauses in Different Business Cultures. In: Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and Pohjolainen, A. (eds) (2007), Private Law and the

Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 221-239.

Nelken, D. 1997. Comparing Legal Cultures: An Introduction. In: Nelken, D. (ed.) Comparing Legal Cultures, Dartmouth Publishing.

Nixon, J., Dawson, G. 2002. Reasons for cross-cultural communications training. In: Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 7, No. 3.

Nord, C. 1997. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Nussbaumer, M. 1997. Sprache und Recht. Studentenbibliographieren Sprachwissenschaft, Heidelberg.

Oettle, K. F. 2007. Making Your Point. A practical guide to persuasive legal writing. New York: ALM Publishing.

Paunio, E. 2007. The Tower of Babel and the Interpretation of EU Law – Implications for Equality of Languages and Legal Certainty. In: Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and

Pohjolainen, A. (eds), Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 385-402.

Phillipson, R. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: OUP.

Pozzo, B., Jacometti, V. (eds). 2006. Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law, Kluwer Law International.

Quell, C. 1997. Language Choice in Multilingual Institutions: A Case Study at the European Commission with Particular Reference to the Role of English, French, and German as Working Languages. In: Multilingua, 16.

Rödl & Partner http://www.roedl.com/

RusUSA.com online dictionary http://www.rususa.com/dictionary/russian.asp lastvisited 30 July 2009.

Sacco, R. 1987. La traduction juridique. Un point de vue italien. In: Cahiers de droit, 28, pp. 845-859.

Sacco, R. 1991 (1999). La Comparaison juridique au service de la Connaissance du Droit. Paris: Economica, p. 20 in Kasirer, N. 1999. Lex-icographie Mercatoria. The American Journal of Comparative Law 47/4, pp. 653-675.

Salmi-Tolonen, T. 2004. Legal Linguistic Knowledge and Creating and Interpreting Law in Multilingual Environments. 1167-1191 Brooklyn Journal of International Law [vol. 29:3] at p. 1191.

Salmi-Tolonen, T. 2008. Negotiated meaning and International Commercial Law. In: V. K. Bhatia, Ch. N. Candlin & P. E. Allori (eds). Language, Culture and the Law:

The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 117-139.

Samuel, G. 1998. Comparative Law and Jurisprudence. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47/4, pp. 817-836.

Sandrini, P. (1996), Terminologiearbeit im Recht. Deskriptiver begriffsorientierter Ansatz vom Standpunkt des Übersetzers, Wien, TermNet.

Sandrini, P. 1996. Comparative Analysis of Legal Terms: Equivalence Revisited. In: Galinski, Ch. / Schmitz, K-d (Hg.): Terminology and Knowledge Engineering (TKE ’96), Frankfurt/Main: Indeks Verlag, pp. 342-351.

Sandrini, P. 2009. Der transkulturelle Vergleich von Rechtsbegriffen. In: Šarčević, S. (ed.), Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, pp. 151-166.

Šarčević, S. 1985. Translation of Culture-bound terms in Laws. In: Multilingua 4/3, pp. 127-133.

Šarčević, S. 1989. Conceptual Dictionaries for Translation in the Field of Law. International Journal of Lexicography 2/4, pp. 277–293.

Šarčević, S. 1997. New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Šarčević, S. 2000. Legal Translation and Translation Theory: a Receiver-Oriented Approach at http://www.tradulex.org/Actes2000/sarcevic.pdf

Šarčević, S. (ed.). 2009. Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting And Procedural Issues. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus,.

Seymour, E. 2001. A Translator Writes at www.europarl.europa.eu/trans/2001-trad_en.pdf

Schermers, H., Waelbroeck, D. 2001. Judicial Protection in the European Union sixth edition. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Smith, S. A. 1995. Culture Clash: Anglo-American Case Law and German Civil Law in translation. In: Morris, Marshall (ed.) Translation and the Law. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Smits, J. (ed.). 2006. Elgar Encyclopaedia of Comparative Law, pp. 57, 59.

Smits, Jan M. 2007. Legal Culture as Mental Software, or: How to Overcome National Legal Culture? In: Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and Pohjolainen, A. (eds), Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International, pp. 141-151.

Sparer, M. 2002. Peut-on Faire de la Traduction juridique? Comment Doit-on l’Enseigner? In: Meta 47/2, pp.265-278.

Spichtinger, D. 2000. The Spread of English and its Appropriation, Master’s Thesis: Vienna University. Available at http://www.geocities.com/dspichtinger/dipl.htm p. 8, last visited 04 July 2009.

Stapleton, J. 2003. The Golden Thread at the Heart of Tort Law: Protection of the Vulnerable. 24(2) Australian Bar Review, pp. 135–148.

Tessuto, G. 2008. Legal Concepts and Terminography: Analysis and Application. In: V. K. Bhatia, Ch. N. Candlin & P. E. Allori (eds) Language, Culture and the Law:

The Formulation of legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 283-302.

Teubner, G. 1998. Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends Up in New Divergences. 61 Modern Law Review, p. 16.

Teubner, G. (ed.). 1997. Global Law Without a State, Aldershot, Dartmouth.

Tiersma, Peter M. 2000. Legal Language. University of Chicago Press.

Vermeer, H. J. 1987. What does it mean to translate? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13 (2): pp. 25-33.

Verstijlen, F.M.J. 2006. General Aspects of Transfer and Creation of Property Rights including Security Rights. In: Divergences of Property Law, an Obstacle to the Internal Market?, U. Drobnig, H.J. Snijders and E.-J. Zippro (eds) (München, Sellier. European Law Publishers, pp. 23–24.

Wagner, A., Cacciaguidi-Fahy, S. (eds). 2006. Legal Language and the Search for Clarity: Practice and Tools, Bern: Peter Lang.

Widdowson, H.G. 1997. EIL, ESL, EFL: global issues and local interests. World Englishes 16/1.

Wierzbicka, A. 2003. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. 2nd ed. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Wilhelmsson, T., Paunio, E. and Pohjolainen, A. (eds). 2007. Private Law and the Many Cultures of Europe. Kluwer Law International.

Wittgenstein, L. 1984. Philosophische Untersuchungen. Werkausgabe in 8 Bänden, Band 1. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.

Wright, S. From Academic Comparative Law to legal translation in Practice at http://www.unikassel.de/~dippel/justitia/proc/08%20Wright,%20Translation.pdf last visited 30 July 2009.

Wright, B. 1936. Ought the Doctrine of Consideration to be Abolished from the Common Law? 49 Harvard Law Review, p. 1225.

Zweigert, K., Kötz, H. 1998. Introduction to Comparative Law. 3rd revised edition, translated by Tony Weir. Oxford: Clarendon Press.