Abstract
The judicialisation of international law is a relatively recent phenomenon that gained momentum in the 1990s and 2000s. Coupled with the trend towards widespread compulsory jurisdiction, it has been crucial in strengthening the commitment of states to adhere to their international obligations. Another important effect of judicialisation on international law is that at least certain international norms have acquired an “objective” nature, detached from the will of states. This is because the interpretation and application of these norms is no longer dependent solely upon the subjective discretion of states, but is subject to consideration and examination by independent judicial bodies. The process of judicialisation, while contributing to the international rule of law, has undoubtedly changed the face of international law a great deal as a result of some other factors. The multiplication of international courts has led to the expansion of the judicial institutional layer, making international law less horizontal. Also, as a result of the growing case-law of these courts, the system of international law is becoming more complex and developed, and thus also more mature. The natural aspect of the judicial function is the development of international law. Despite the problems and risks involved, the proliferation of international courts and tribunals can be perceived as one of the important components of the dynamic transformation of international law during the recent decades.
References
Alter K.J., The Muliplication of International Courts and Tribunals After the End ot the Cold War, in The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, ed. C.P.R. Romano, K.J. Alter, Y. Shany, Oxford 2013.
Alter K.J., The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights, Princeton 2014.
Cassese A., The International Court of Justice: It is High Time to Restyle the Respected Old Lady, in idem, Realizing Utopia. The Future of International Law, Oxford 2012.
Czapliński W., Multiplikacja sądów międzynarodowych – szansa czy zagrożenie dla jedności prawa międzynarodowego, in Rozwój prawa międzynarodowego – jedność czy fragmentacja, ed. J. Kolasa, A. Kozłowski, Wrocław 2007.
Dupuy P.-M., Vinuales J.E., The Challenge of ‘Proliferation’: An Anatomy of the Debate, in The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, ed. C.P.R. Romano, K.J. Alter, Y. Shany, Oxford 2013.
Hart H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Oxford 1984.
Judge Guillaume, President of the ICJ, at the United National General Assembly, 26.10.2000, http://www.icjcij.org/court/index.php?pr=84&pt=3&p1=1&p2=3&p3=1 [access: 28.04.2016].
Kelsen H., The Law of the United Nations, London 1950.
Kingsbury B., International courts: uneven juidicialisation in global order, in The Cambridge Companion to International Law, ed. J. Crawford, M. Koskenniemi, P. Ranganathan, Cambridge 2012.
Kwiecień R., Teoria i filozofia prawa międzynarodowego. Problemy wybrane, Warszawa 2011.
Lauterpacht H., The Development of International Law by the International Court, London 1958.
Paywelyn J., Salles L.E., Forum Shopping Before Intenrational Tribunals: (Real) Concerns, (Im)Possible Solutions, “Cornell International Law Journal” 2009, no. 1(42).
Romano C.P.R., Trial and Error in International Judicialization, in The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, ed. C.P.R. Romano, K.J. Alter, Y. Shany, Oxford 2013.
Romano C.P.R., The Shift from the Consensual to the Compulsory Paradigm in International Adjudication: Elements for A Theory of Consent, “International Law and Politics” 2007, vol. 39.
RomanoC.P.R., Alter K.J., Shany Y., Mapping International Adjudicative Bodies, The Issues, The Players, in The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, ed. C.P.R. Romano, K.J. Alter, Y. Shany, Oxford 2013.
Shany Y., Competing Jurisdictions of International Courts and Tribunals, Oxford 2003.
Tams Ch.J., The ICL as a ‘Law-Formative Agency’: Summary and Synthesis, in The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice, ed. Ch.J. Tams, J. Sloan, Oxford 2013.
Wiśniewski A., Koncepcja marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Gdańsk 2008.