Słowa kluczowe
aggression
veto
armed conflict
humanization
Jak cytować
Liczba wyświetleń: 321
Liczba pobrań: 224
Abstrakt
The Russian invasion of Ukraine was the first open and blatant aggression against a sovereign neighbour state in Europe since 1945. Does this war have systemic significance for the legal order as a whole? The contribution singles out legal trends that relate to three fundamental principles of the current international legal order: peace, people (humanity), and the planet. My thesis is that, although Russia has breached a fundamental, even constitutional, principle of international law, namely the prohibition of inter-state military force, this breach has productively – though unintentionally – boosted, firstly, a modest reform of the UN architecture and, secondly, a further humanization of international law. A third trend is the ‘greening’ of the law surrounding war and of the legal status of the individual. These are important positive developments that go to the very heart of international law. With some optimism, the ‘Ukraine moment’ can therefore be seen not only as an anti-constitutional, but at the same time also as a constitutional moment.
Bibliografia
Ackerman, B. (1989). Constitutional politics/constitutional law. The Yale Law Journal, 99(3), 453–547. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/16652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/796754
Alston, P., & Robinson, M. (Eds.). (2005). Human rights and development: Towards mutual reinforcement. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284627.001.0001
Arnauld, A. von, von der Decken, K., & Susi, M. (Eds.). (2020). The Cambridge handbook of new human rights. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676106.002
Bianchi, A., & Peters, A. (Eds.). (2013). Transparency in international law. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108843
Bohrer, Z., & Pirker, B. (2020). World War I: A phoenix moment in the history of international criminal tribunals. European Journal of International Law, 33(3), 851–887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac045
Braidotti, R. (2013). The posthuman. Polity Press.
Braverman, I. (2018). Law’s underdog: A call for more-than-human legalities. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14, 127–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030820
Brunk (Wuerth), I. (2022, 25 February). International law and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Lawfare. Retrieved 6 June 2024, from https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/international-law-and-russian-invasion-ukraine
Cavandoli, S., & Wilson, G. (2022). Distorting fundamental norms of international law to resurrect the Soviet Union: The international law context of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine Netherlands International Law Review, 69(3), 383–410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-022-00219-9
Chadwick, A. (2019). Law and the political economy of hunger. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823940.001.0001
Charlesworth, H. (2002). International law: A discipline of crisis. The Modern Law Review, 65(3), 377–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00385
Connolly, W. E. (2017). Facing the planetary: Entangled humanism and the politics of swarming. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822373254
Corten, O., & Koutroulis, V. (2023). The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum? Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(4), 997–1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156523000249
Dannenbaum, T. (2022, 14 July). The ICC at 20 and the Crime of Aggression. Völkerrechtsblog. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqac047
De Schutter, O., Ramasastry, A., Taylor, M., & Thompson, R. (2012). Human rights due diligence: The role of states. https://icar.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Human-Rights-Due-Diligence-The-Role-of-States.pdf
dos Reis F., & Grzybowski, J. (2023). Moving “red lines”: The Russian-Ukrainian war and the pragmatic (mis-)use of international law. Global Constitutionalism, 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381723000175
Elster, J. (1998). Deliberation and constitution making. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 97–122). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175005.006
Favre, B. (2020). Is there a need for a new, an ecological, understanding of legal animal rights? Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 11(2), 297–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.02.07
Franck, T. M. (1970). Who killed Article 2(4)? Or: changing norms governing the use of force by states. American Journal of International Law, 64(5), 809–835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2198919
Franck, T. M. (1990). The power of legitimacy among nations. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195061789.001.0001
Franck, T. M. (2003). What happens now? The United Nations after Iraq. American Journal of International Law, 97(3), 607–620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3109846
Frankfurt, H. G. (2005). On bullshit. Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400826537
Frowein, J. A. (2000). Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts [Constitutionalization of public international law]. In Deutsche Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht (Ed.), 26. Tagung in Kiel: Völkerrecht und Internationales Privatrecht in einem sich globalisierenden internationalen System (pp. 432–438). C. F. Müller.
Garver, G. (2021). Are rights of nature radical enough for ecological law? In K. Anker, P. D. Burdon, G. Garver, M. Maloney & C. Sbert (Eds.), From environmental law to ecological law (pp. 90–103). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003001256-10
Gershman, J., & Morduch, J. (2015). Credit is not a right. In T. Sorell & L. Cabrera (Eds.), Microfinance, rights and global justice (pp. 14–26). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316275634.002
Grear, A., Boulot, E., Vargas-Roncancio, I. D., & Sterlin, J. (2021). Posthuman legalities: New materialism and law beyond the human. Edward Elgar. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802203349.00004
Green, J. A., Henderson, C., & Ruys, T. (2022). Russia’s attack on Ukraine and the jus ad bellum. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 9(1), 4–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20531702.2022.2056803
Gross, A. (2017). The writing on the wall: Rethinking the international law of occupation. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316536308
Grothe, E., & Schlegelmilch, A. (2020). „Constitutional Moments“ in der Geschichte. Eine Einleitung [‘Constitutional moments’ in history: An introduction]. In E. Grothe & A. Schlegelmilch (Eds.), Constitutional moments (pp. 7–9). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35998/9783830541431
Henkin, L. (1971). The reports of the death of Article 2(4) are greatly exaggerated. American Journal of International Law, 65(3), 544–548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2198975
Herbrechter, S. et al. (2022). Critical posthumanism: An overview. In S. Herbrechter, I. Callus, M. Rossini, M. Grech, M. de Bruin-Molé & Ch. J. Müller (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of critical posthumanism (pp. 3–26). Springer Nature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04958-3_66
Hilpold, P. (2023). Justifying the unjustifiable: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, international law, and Carl Schmitt’s “Theory of the Greater Space”. Chinese Journal of International Law, 22(3), 409–433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmad039
Hohmann, J. (2021). Diffuse subjects and dispersed power: New materialist insights and cautionary lessons for international law. Leiden Journal of International Law, 34(3), 585–606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156521000157
Hryhorczuk, D., Levy, B. S., Prodanchuk, M., Kravchuk, O., Bubalo, N., Hryhorczuk, A., & Erickson, T. B. (2024). The environmental health impacts of Russia’s war on Ukraine. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 19(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-023-00398-y
Iyi, J. (2023). Is international criminal justice the handmaiden of the contemporary imperial project? A TWAIL perspective on some arenas of contestations. In F. Jeßberger, L. Steinl & K. Mehta (Eds.), International criminal law: A counter-hegemonic project? (pp. 13–37). T. M. C. Asser Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-551-5_2
Janik, R. (2022, 28 February). Putin’s war against Ukraine: Mocking international law. EJIL: Talk! https://www.ejiltalk.org/putins-war-against-ukraine-mocking-international-law/#
Jöbstl, H. & Rosenberg, D. (2024). The Humanization of war reparations: Combatant deaths and compensation in unlawful wars. Michigan Journal of International Law, 45(1), 39–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.45.1.humanization
Jones, E. (2021). Posthuman international law and the rights of nature. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 12, 76–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2021.00.04
Jorgensen, M. (2022, 15 March). The weaponisation of international law in Ukraine. Völkerrechtsblog.
Kamminga, M. T., & Scheinin, M. (Eds.). (2009). The impact of human rights law on general international law. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565221.001.0001
Kelly, M. J. (2023). The role of international law in the Russia-Ukraine war. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 55(1), 61–92.
Knox, J. H. (2019). Bringing human rights to bear on climate change. Climate Law, 9(3), 165–179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00903002
Kreß, C. (2023). Die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention und das völkerrechtliche Gewaltverbot [The European Convention on Human Rights and the prohibition of violence under international law]. In A. Nußberger (Ed.), Menschenrechte als Alpha und Omega des Rechts? Zur Auseinandersetzung der Fachdisziplinen mit der aktuellen Rechtsprechung zu den Menschenrechten in Europa (pp. 149–168). Mohr Siebeck.
Kurki, V. A. J. (2019). A theory of legal personhood. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844037.001.0001
Labuda, P. I. (2022, 12 April). On Eastern Europe, “whataboutism” and “West(s)plaining”: Some thoughts on international lawyers’ responses to Ukraine. EJIL: Talk! https://www.ejiltalk.org/on-eastern-europe-whataboutism-and-westsplaining-some-thoughts-on-international-lawyers-responses-to-ukraine/
Labuda, P. I. (2023). Beyond rhetoric: Interrogating the Eurocentric critique of international criminal law’s selectivity in the wake of the 2022 Ukraine invasion. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(4), 1095–1116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156523000237
Lange, F. (2023). Der russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine und das Völkerrecht [The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine and international law]. de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111203478
Lauterpacht, E. (1976). The development of the law of international organisations by the decisions of international treaties. Recueil des Cours, 152(IV), 377–478.
Lauterpacht, H. (1970). The subjects of international law. In E. Lauterpacht (Ed.), International law: Being the collected papers of Hersch Lauterpacht: Vol. 1. The general works (pp. 279–307). Cambridge University Press.
Lawniczak, B. (2023). Substitute to war: Questioning the efficacy of sanctions on Russia. Journal of Advanced Military Studies, 14(2), 227–245. https://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/27702596/v14i0002/227_stwqteosor.xml DOI: https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20231402011
Lesch, M., & Marxsen, C. (2023). Norm contestation in the law against war: Towards an interdisciplinary analytical framework. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 83(1), 11–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2023-1-11
Lieblich, E. (2021). The humanization of jus ad bellum: Prospects and perils. European Journal of International Law, 32(2), 579–612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab039
Lieblich, E. (2023). Wars of recovery. European Journal of International Law, 34(2), 349–381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chad026
Lieblich, E. (2024). Whataboutism in international law. Harvard Journal of International Law, 65(2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=4609679.
López, R. (2023). Aggression in law’s clothing: Does might still make right? Maryland Journal of International Law, 38(1), Article 5. https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mjil/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4337472
Makarczyk, J. (1996). Introduction: Krzysztof Skubiszewski: His professional and public activity. In J. Makarczyk (Ed.), Theory of international law at the threshold of the 21st century: Essays in honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski (pp. 11–34). Kluwer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639713_002
Mälksoo, L. (2015). Russian approaches to international law. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723042.001.0001
Marx, K. (1844/2005). On the Jewish Question. In Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected works (Vol. 3, pp. 146–174). International Publishers.
Marxsen, C. (2018). Violation and confirmation of the law: The intricate effects of the invocation of the law in armed conflict. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 5(1), 8–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20531702.2017.1365488
Mchangama, J., & Verdirame, G. (2013, 24 July). The danger of human rights proliferation: When defending liberty, less is more. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2013-07-24/danger-human-rights-proliferation
McHugh, S. (2022). Human-animal studies: Postzoomanities. In S. Herbrechter, I. Callus, M. Rossini, M. Grech, M. de Bruin-Molé & Ch. J. Müller (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of critical posthumanism (pp. 823–839). Springer Nature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04958-3_17
Mégret, F., & Redaelli, C. (2022). The crime of aggression as a violation of the rights of one’s own population. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 9(1), 99–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20531702.2022.2059155
Nußberger, A. (Ed.). (2023). Menschenrechte als Alpha und Omega des Rechts? Zur Auseinandersetzung der Fachdisziplinen mit der aktuellen Rechtsprechung zu den Menschenrechten in Europa [Human rights as the alpha and omega of the law? On the legal disciplines’ issues with current human rights jurisprudence in Europe]. Mohr Siebeck. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-162552-7
Offor, I. (2020). Second wave animal ethics and (global) animal law: A view from the margins. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 11(2), 268–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.02.06
Peters, A. (2019). Constitutionalization. In S. Singh & J. d‘Aspremont (Eds.), Concepts for international law – contributions to disciplinary thought (pp. 141–153). Edward Elgar. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783474684.00015
Peters, A. (2021). The importance of having rights. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 81(1), 7–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2021-1-7
Peters, A. (2023). The war in Ukraine and the curtailment of the veto in the Security Council. Revue Européenne du Droit, 4(5), 87–93. https://geopolitique.eu/en/articles/the-war-in-ukraine-and-the-curtailment-of-the-veto-in-the-security-council/
Peters, A., & Sparks, T. (2024a). Introduction: The history and theory of the individual in international law. In T. Sparks & A. Peters (Eds.), The individual in international law (pp. 1–28). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198898917.003.0001
Peters, A., & Sparks, T. (2024b). Conclusions: Reconsidering the individual in international law. In T. Sparks & A. Peters (Eds.), The individual in international law (pp. 389–418). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198898917.003.0018
Petersmann, M.-C. (2022). Life beyond the law: From the “living constitution” to the “constitution of the living”. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 82(4), 767–799. Petersmann, M.-C. (2023). In the break (of rights and representation): Sociality beyond the non/human subject. The International Journal of Human Rights, 27, 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2023.2227124
Pobjie, E. (2017). Victims of the crime of aggression. In S. Barriga & C. Kreß (Eds.), The crime of aggression: A commentary (pp. 816–860). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139058360.025
Ratner, S. R. (2015). The thin justice of international law: A moral reckoning of the law of nations. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704041.001.0001
Rawtani, D., Gupta, G., Khatri, N., Rao, P. K., & Hussain, C. M. (2022). Environmental damages due to war in Ukraine: A perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 850, 157932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157932
Rodriguez-Garavito, C. (2021). Litigating the climate emergency: How human rights, courts, and legal mobilization can bolster climate action. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009106214
Scharf, M. P. (2021). Grotian Moments: The concept. Grotiana, 42(2), 193–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-42020006
Schott, J. J. (2023, 28 April). Economic sanctions against Russia: How effective? How durable? Peterson Institute for International Economics – Policy Brief No. 23. https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/economic-sanctions-against-russia-how-effective-how-durable
Scott, D. M. (2021). Human rights. In J. d’Aspremont & J. Haskel (Eds.), Tipping points in international law: Commitment and critique (pp. 172–195). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108954549.010
Skordas, A. (2021). Authoritarian global governance? The Russian-Chinese joint statement of March 2021. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 81(2), 293–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2021-2-293
Skubiszewski, K. (1971). Elements of custom and the Hague Court. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 31(special issue), 810–854.
Skubiszewski, K. (1983). Remarks on the interpretation of the United Nations Charter. In Bernhardt et al. (Eds.), Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung: Festschrift für Hermann Mosler (pp. 891–902). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68692-4_45
Skubiszewski, K. (2007). Human rights in the social doctrine of the Catholic Church. In M. G. Kohen (Ed.), Promoting justice, human rights and conflict resolution through international law: Liber amicorum Lucius Caflisch (pp. 499–509). Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004153837.i-1236.149
Sparks, T., & Somos, M. (2021a). Grotian moments: An introduction. Grotiana, 42(2), 179–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-42020003
Sparks, T., & Somos, M. (2021b). The Humanisation of provisional measures? Plausibility and the interim protection of rights before the ICJ. In F. Palombino, R. Virzo & G. Zarra (Eds.), Provisional measures before international courts and tribunals (pp. 77–105). TMC Asser Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-411-2_5
Stone, C. D. (1972). Should trees have standing? Toward legal rights for natural objects. Southern California Law Review, 45, 450–501.
Stucki, S. (2023). One rights: Human and animal rights in the Anthropocene. Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19201-2
Suami, T. (2023). Dead or alive? Global constitutionalism and international law after the start of the war in Ukraine. Global Constitutionalism, 1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381723000369
Tănăsescu, M. (2022). Understanding the rights of nature: A critical introduction. Transcript. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839454312
Taylor, M. (2013). Human rights due diligence: The role of states – 2013 Progress Report. International Corporate Accountability Roundtable.
Theilen, J. T. (2021). The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction. Leiden Journal of International Law, 34(4), 831–854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156521000297
Ukhorskiy, D. (2023, 19 June). Environmental destruction in war: A human rights approach. EJIL: Talk! https://www.ejiltalk.org/environmental-destruction-in-war-a-human-rights-approach/
Van Bergeijk, P. A. G. (2022). Sanctions against the Russian war on Ukraine: Lessons from history and current prospects. Journal of World Trade, 56(4), 571–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/TRAD2022023
Wegner, N. (2018). Subjektiv-rechtliche Ansätze im Völkerrecht zum Schutz biologischer Vielfalt [Rights approaches to the protection of biological diversity in public international law]. Duncker & Humblot. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55469-0
Welsh, J., Akande, D., & Rodin, D. (2023). The individualization of war: Rights, liability, and accountability in contemporary armed conflict. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192872203.001.0001
Wiener, A. (2017). A theory of contestation – A concise summary of its arguments and concepts. Polity, 49(1), 109–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/690100
Wippman, D. (2007). The nine lives of Article 2(4). Minnesota Journal of International Law, 16(2), 387–406. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjil/239
Wirthová, L. (2023). From Kuwait to Ukraine: Conflict’s implications on the natural environment and the responses of international humanitarian law. International and Comparative Law Review, 23(1), 117–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2023-0006
Zarbiyev, F. (2022, 18 March). Of bullshit, lies and “demonstrably rubbish” justifications in international law. Völkerrechtsblog.
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 WPiA UAM
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.