The International Olympic Committee as policymaker: Identifying the leading areas of change in candidature, delivery and legacy aspects of the Olympic Games
PDF (English)

Słowa kluczowe

Olympic Games
International Olympic Committee
policies
reforms
qualitative and quantitative text analysis
JEL: D78, L31, L39, Z28

Jak cytować

Jastrząbek, J. (2024). The International Olympic Committee as policymaker: Identifying the leading areas of change in candidature, delivery and legacy aspects of the Olympic Games. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny I Socjologiczny, 86(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2024.86.2.11

Liczba wyświetleń: 208


Liczba pobrań: 92

Abstrakt

Studies on policy process provide a practical methodological approach for analysing how identified problems are addressed, or how other issues receive special attention from the entities responsible for policy design. In this article, it is argued that the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as an international non-governmental not-for-profit organization, has its own initiative to design policies and reforms aimed at solving problems and challenges that emerge during each stage of the Olympic Games lifecycle: candidature process, event organization, and realization of legacy strategy. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to identify the leading areas of change in the policy created by the IOC, based on the analysis of strategic documents published by this organization or its appointed commissions. The research applies qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part is based on a critical literature review, elements of a case study, desk research, and comparative analysis. Quantitative methods are represented by the visualization of statistical data and the ‘text as data’ approach, where the IOC documents are analysed in the integrated development environment R Studio by using functions included in the quanteda R package. The main findings demonstrate the growing importance of sustainability and legacy in all aspects of the Olympic Games lifecycle, along with the implementation of consecutive policy reforms. One interesting conclusion that emerged from the analysis is that some recommendations are very similar or even recurrent. In this study, the research attention is also drawn to the fact that the usefulness and effectiveness of the policies implemented at various stages of the Olympic Games lifecycle are contingent upon the quality of the institutions of the host countries.

https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2024.86.2.11
PDF (English)

Finansowanie

Narodowe Centrum Nauki umowa nr 2023/07/X/HS4/00086

Bibliografia

Benoit, K., Watanabe, K., Wang, H., Nulty, P., Obeng, A., Müller, S., & Matsuo, A. (2018). quanteda: An R package for the quantitative analysis of textual data. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00774

Billings, S. B., & Holladay, J. S. (2012). Should cities go for the gold? The long-term impacts of hosting the Olympics. Economic Inquiry, 50(3), 754–772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00373.x

Braathen, E., Mascarenhas, G., & Sørbøe, C. (2015). Rio’s ruinous mega-events. In A. Garcia & P. Bond (Eds.), BRICS: An anticapitalist critique (pp. 186–199). Haymarket Books.

Butler, N. (2017, 27 March). Paris 2024 become first Olympic bid to receive sustainability award [Information]. Inside the Games. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1048595/paris-2024-become-first-olympic-bid-to-receive-sustainability-award

Capano, G., & Pritoni, A. (2020). Policy cycle. In P. Harris, A. Bitonti, C. S. Fleisher & A. Skorkjær Binderkrantz (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of interest groups, lobbying and public affairs (pp. 1–7). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_69-1

Cornelissen, S. (2010). The geopolitics of global aspiration: Sport mega-events and emerging powers. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 27(16–18), 3008–3025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.508306

Fabry, N., & Zeghni, S. (2020). Why do cities withdraw from hosting the Olympic Games? In M. Delaplace & P.-O. Schut (Eds.), Hosting the Olympic Games: Uncertainty, debates and controversy (pp. 9–23). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429274695-2

Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2021). Regression to the tail: Why the Olympics blow up. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53(2), 233–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20958724

Gaffney, C. T. (2014). The mega-event city as neo-liberal laboratory: The case of Rio de Janeiro. Percurso Acadêmico, 4(8), 217–237. https://ludopedio.org.br/biblioteca/the-mega-event-cityas-neo-liberal-laboratory-the-case-of-rio-de-janeiro/

Gentzkow, M., Kelly, B., & Taddy, M. (2019). Text as data. Journal of Economic Literature, 57(3), 535–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181020

Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (2017). The enduring enterprise: The Summer Olympics, 1896–2012. In J. R. Gold & M. M. Gold (Eds.), Olympic cities: City agendas, planning and the world’s games, 1896–2020 (pp. 21–63). Routledge.

Grix, J., & Lee, D. (2013). Soft power, sports mega-events and emerging states: The lure of the politics of attraction. Global Society, 27(4), 521–536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2013.827632

Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., & Houlihan, B. (2015). Interrogating states’ soft power strategies: A case study of sports mega-events in Brazil and the UK. Global Society, 29(3), 463–479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1047743

Hiller, H. H., & Wanner, R. A. (2018). Public opinion in Olympic Cities: From bidding to retrospection. Urban Affairs Review, 54(5), 962–993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416684036

Horne, J., & Whannel, G. (2020). Understanding the Olympics (3rd ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429345272-2

Human Rights Watch. (2008). “One year of my blood”: Exploitation of migrant construction workers in Beijing (Report Vol. 20, no. 3(C)). https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/china0308/china0308webwcover.pdf

IOC. (2006). What is the Olympic Games Global Impact Study? Olympic Review. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1077.pdf

IOC. (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020: 20 + 20 Recommendations. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf

IOC. (2017a). Factsheet: The Games of the Olympiad. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/OG/Factsheet-The-Games-of-the-Olympiad-January-2017.pdf

IOC. (2017b). IOC Sustainability Strategy. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/171454/ioc-sustainability-strategy-international-olympic-committee?_lg=en-GB

IOC. (2018). Olympic Agenda 2020. Olympic Games: The New Norm. Report by the Executive Steering Committee for Olympic Games Delivery. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2018/02/2018-02-06-Olympic-Games-the-New-Norm-Report.pdf

IOC. (2020). Contractual framework for hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Future-Olympic-Hosts/Contractual-framework-for-hosting-the-Olympic-and-Paralympic-Games-January-2020.pdf

IOC. (2021a). Factsheet: The Games of the Olympiad. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-Games-of-the-Olympiad.pdf

IOC. (2021b). Factsheet: The Olympic Winter Games. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-Olympic-Winter-Games.pdf

IOC. (2021c). Olympic Agenda 2020+5: 15 Recommendations. https://stillmedab.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/IOC/What-We-Do/Olympic-agenda/Olympic-Agenda-2020-5-15-recommendations.pdf

IPACS. (n.d.). About IPACS. Retrieved 13 May 2024, from https://www.ipacs.sport/about-ipacs

Könecke, T., & Nooij, M. de. (2017). The IOC and Olympic bids from democracies and authoritarian regimes – A socioeconomic analysis and strategic insights. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 2, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2017.009

Lauermann, J., & Vogelpohl, A. (2017). Fragile growth coalitions or powerful contestations? Cancelled Olympic bids in Boston and Hamburg. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 49(8), 1887–1904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17711447

Lloyd, O. (2023). Milan Cortina 2026 budget same as initially proposed despite economic difficulty. Inside the Games. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1135185/milan-cortina-2026-budget

Maennig, W. (2017). Public referenda and public opinion on Olympic Games (Working Paper 57). Hamburg Contemporary Economic Discussions. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/175037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2989536

Maennig, W., & Richter, F. (2012). Exports and Olympic Games: Is there a signal effect? Journal of Sports Economics, 13(6), 635–641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512454663

Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the urban impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games from 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830

Müller, M., Gogishvili, D., & Wolfe, S. D. (2022). The structural deficit of the Olympics and the World Cup: Comparing costs against revenues over time. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 54(6), 1200–1218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221098741

Müller, M., Wolfe, S. D., Gaffney, C., Gogishvili, D., Hug, M., & Leick, A. (2021). An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games. Nature Sustainability, 4(4), 340–348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5

Müller, M., Wolfe, S. D., Gogishvili, D., Gaffney, C., Hug, M., & Leick, A. (2022). The mega-events database: Systematising the evidence on mega-event outcomes. Leisure Studies, 41(3), 437–445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2021.1998835

OECD. (2021). The OECD Recommendation on global events and local development: A toolkit. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/global-events-recommendation.htm

OECD. (2023a). How to measure the impact of culture, sports and business events: A guide – Part I. 10. OECD. (2023b). Impact indicators for culture, sports and business events: A guide – Part II. 11.

Olympic Studies Centre. (2022). Over 125 years of Olympic venues: Post-Games use (OSC Reference Collection). https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Olympiclegacy/Full-report-venues-post-games-use.pdf

Orttung, R., & Zhemukhov, S. (2017). Putin’s Olympics: The Sochi Games and the evolution of twenty-first century Russia. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817286

Parent, M., Rouillard, C., & Chappelet, J.-L. (2018). Empirical issues and challenges for multilevel governance: The case of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games. Revue Gouvernance / Governance Review, 15(2), 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1058086ar

Potůček, M., & Rudolfová, V. (2017). Public policy: A comprehensive introduction. Karolinum Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.5699270

Pound, R. W. (2003). Olympic Games Study Commission: Report to the 115th IOC Session. Olympic Games Study Commission. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_725.pdf

Roan, D., & Capstick, A. (2021, 4 February). Beijing 2022: Human rights groups call for Winter Olympic boycott. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55938034

Rose, A. K., & Spiegel, M. M. (2011). The Olympic effect. The Economic Journal, 121(553), 652–677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x

Sánchez, F., & Broudehoux, A.-M. (2013). Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450

Smee, B. (2023, 21 July). ‘Full steam ahead’ and no way out: How much can we trust cost estimates for the Brisbane Olympics? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/22/commonwealth-games-2026-cancelled-brisbane-olympics-2032-cost-estimates-accurate

Tomlinson, A. (2005). Olympic survivals: The Olympic Games as a global phenomenon. In L. Allison (Ed.), The global politics of sport: The role of global institutions in sport (pp. 42–56). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/978-0-415-34601-6.ch004

University of East London. (2008). Olympic Games Impact Study: Initial Situation Report for London 2012 (Vol. 1. Olympic Games Impact Study – London 2012). https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-161895

University of East London. (2010). Olympic Games Impact Study – London 2012 Pre-Games Report: Final (Vol. 2. Olympic Games Impact Study). https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-161895

University of East London. (2013). Olympic Games Impact Study – London 2012 Games-time Report (Vol. 3. Olympic Games Impact Study). https://library.olympics.com/Default/digitalviewer/c-161895

University of East London. (2015). Olympic Games Impact Study – London 2012 Post-Games Report (Vol. 4. Olympic Games Impact Study – London 2012). https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-161895

VanWynsberghe, R., & Kwan, B. (2013). Olympic Games Impact (OGI) Study for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Post-Games Report (Vol. 4). The University of British Columbia. https://cfss.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2011/10/OGI-UBC-Post-Games-Report-2013-10-23.pdf

VanWynsberghe, R., Bischel, T., Gatzeva, M., Hambrock, M., Kwan, B., & Lim, C. (2007). Olympic Games Impact Program: Baseline Report. The University of British Columbia. https://cfss.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2011/10/OGI-Baseline-Report-2007-10-11.pdf

VanWynsberghe, R., Bischel, T., Gatzeva, M., Hambrock, M., Kwan, B., & Lim, C. (2011). Olympic Games Impact (OGI) Study for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Games-time Report (Vol. 3). The University of British Columbia. https://cfss.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2011/10/The-Olympic-Games-Impact-Study-Games-time-Report-2011-11-21.pdf

VanWynsberghe, R., Derom, I., & Pentifallo Gadd, C. (2021). Legacy and sustainability in the Olympic Movement’s new norm era: When reforms are not enough. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(3), 443–460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898442

VanWynsberghe, R., Gatzeva, M., Hambrock, M., Kwan, B., Lim, C., & Abdjalieva, F. (2009). Olympic Games Impact (OGI) Study for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Pre-Games Results Report (Vol. 2). The University of British Columbia. https://cfss.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2011/10/OGI-UBC-Pre-Games-RESULTS-Report-2009-12-01b.pdf