Archeologia o wpływach zewnętrznych w państwie Bolesława Chrobrego

Abstrakt

The diffusion of “foreign” patterns constitutes an exceptionally broad research topic; therefore, only its most visible manifestations can be outlined. Archaeological evidence offers considerable potential for identifying external influences, including both imported objects and patterns adopted “from outside” and locally adapted in production, architecture, ornamentation, and social practices. The identification of elements previously absent from the local tradition makes it possible to determine the principal directions of the influx of goods and ideas. The most significant was the western vector, namely contacts with the German–Italian Empire. Christianity constituted a key channel for these influences, as adherence to ecclesiastical requirements necessitated the implementation of specific infrastructure, as well as organizational, aesthetic, and ethical models. From the late tenth century onwards, the growing importance of northern connections indicates the openness of the state of Bolesław the Brave to Scandinavian presence. Cultural influences from the south, particularly from the Czech lands, had long been present and were facilitated by Bolesław’s partly Czech origin. By contrast, eastern Rus’-Byzantine influences are the least clearly attested.