Keywords
passive auxiliaries
essere
venire
andare
rimanere
vedersi
trovarsi
finire
How to Cite
Abstract
This article attempts to examine the passive auxiliaries in modern Italian and how they are presented to the Italian language learners. A growing body of research has been throwing light on the fact that the passive auxiliaries are not only the canonical essere and venire, but also andare, which is open to a twofold interpretation («modal passive» and «loss passive»), as well as rimanere, restare, trovarsi, vedersi and finire. In view of this, the analysis of syllabi of Italian L2 and of Italian grammar books has been carried out. The analysis of seven syllabi has confirmed the tendency to introduce the passive voice at B2 level. As far as auxiliaries are concerned, the syllabi refer explicitly to five: essere, venire, andare, restare and
rimanere. The second analysis, carried out on sixteen grammar textbooks for Italian language learning, has shown some weakness regarding the teaching of passive auxiliaries, such as a) lack of any semantic differentiation between use of essere and venire; b) a certain selectivity in presenting aspects of the remainder of auxiliaries (andare, rimanere, vedersi, trovarsi and finire are rarely presented in their entirety); c) various theoretical disagreements in the presentation of the rules that guide the use of passive auxiliaries.
References
Andorno, C. (2003). La grammatica italiana. Milano: Mondadori.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (2000). On Some Grammaticalization Patterns for Auxiliaries. In J.C. Smith, D. Bentley (ed.), Historical Linguistics 1995, vol. I: General issues and non-Germanic
Languages (p. 125-154). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.161.10gia.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (2006). Strategie di costruzione dell’enunciato nell’italiano di apprendenti: soggetti generici, costruzioni impersonali e passive. In N. Grandi, G. Jannaccaro (ed.), Zhì. Studi in onore di Emanuele Banfi (pp. 239-258). Roma: Caissa Italia Editore.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (2017). Passives and Constructions that resemble passives. Folia Linguistica, 149-176, https://doi.org/10.1515/flih-2017-0006.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (2018). Forme e funzioni di costruzioni passive. In G. Brincat, S. Caruana (ed.), Tipologia e ‘dintorni’: il metodo tipologico alla intersezione di piani d’analisi. Atti del XLIX Congresso internazionale di studi della Società di linguistica italiana (SLI) (pp. 105-127). Roma: Bulzoni.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (2018). On the Passive Alternation in the Construction with Vedersi. In R. Bombi, F. Costatntini (A cura di), Percorsi linguistici e interlinguistici. Studi in onore di Vincenzo Orioles (pp. 327-340). Udine: Forum. DOI: 10.1400/269243.
Giacalone Ramat, A., Sansò, A. (2014). Venire (‘come’) as a passive auxiliary in Italian. In COME and GO off the Beaten Grammaticalization Path (pp. 21-44). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Grochowska-Reiter, A., Słapek, D. (2019). Discordanze teorico-pratiche nella presentazione di alcune norme grammaticali al livello A1/A2 nelle grammatiche di italiano LS/L2. Italica
Belgradensia, 1, 7-23. DOI 811.131.1’36, https://doi.org/10.18485/italbg.2019.1.1.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An introduction to Functional Grammar. Londra: Edward Arnold.
Herczeg, G. (1966). La locuzione perifrastica andare + participio passato. Lingua nostra, 27, 58-64.
Mocciaro, E. (2014). Passive in motion: the Early Italian auxiliary andare (‘to go’). In M. Devos, J. van der Wal (ed.), COME and GO off the Beaten Grammaticalization Path (pp. 45-68).
Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Renzi, L., Salvi, G. (1991). Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione, vol. 1: La frase; I sintagmi nominale e preposizionale. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Sansò, A., Giacalone Ramat, A. (2016). Deictic motion verbs as passive auxiliaries: the case of Italian andare ‘go’ (and venire ‘come’). Transactions of the Philological Society, 114/1, 1-24. DOI:10.1111/1467-968X.12059.
Serianni, L. (1997). Italiano. Torino: Garzanti Editore.
Simone, R. (ed.) (2010). Enciclopedia dell’italiano. Roma: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana.
Słapek, D. (2019). Sillabi (linee guida) per la lingua italiana non materna e la questione della grammatica. In F. Avolio, A. Nuzzaci, L. Spetia (ed.), Politiche e problematiche linguistiche
nella formazione degli insegnanti (pp. 183-198). Lecce/Rovato: Pensa MultiMedia.
Telve, S. (2016). Anticausatività e passività. Il costrutto «rimanere» + participio passato. Uno studio di sintassi dell’italiano in diacronia. Heidelberg: Winter.
GRAMMATICHE DIDATTICHE DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA ANALIZZATE
Celi M., La Cifra, L. (2011). Grammatica d’uso della lingua italiana. Teoria ed esercizi (A1/B2). Milano: Hoepli.
Chiuchiù, A., Chiuchiù, G. (2015). Comunicare in italiano. Grammatica per stranieri con esercizi e soluzioni (A1/C1). Milano: Hoepli.
Colombo, F. (2006). Grammatica e pratica della lingua italiana per studenti stranieri (A2-B1). Recanati: ELI.
Debetto, G. (2016). La lingua italiana e le sue regole (A1-B2). Torino: Loescher.
Ercolino, E., Pellegrino, A.T. (2011). L’utile e il dilettevole 2. Esercizi e regole per comunicare (B2/C2). Torino: Loescher.
Esposito, A., Errico, R. (2007). Grammatica di base. Risorse di grammatica italiana per stranieri (A1/B2). Perugia: Guerra.
Gatti, F., Peyronel, S. (2006). Grammatica in contesto. Strutture e temi di italiano per stranieri (A1/B1). Torino: Loescher.
Iacovoni, G., Fiorentino, B., Persiani, N. (2009). Gramm.it. Grammatica italiana per stranieri con esercizi e testi autentici (A1/C1). Roma: Bonacci.
Landriani, M.R. (2012). Grammatica attiva. Italiano per stranieri (A1/B2+). Firenze: Le Monnier.
Latino, A., Muscolino, M. (2014). Una grammatica italiana per tutti 2. Regole d’uso, esercizi e chiavi per studenti stranieri, vol. 2: Livello intermedio; B1/B2. Roma: Edilingua.
Mezzadri, M. (2003). Italiano essenziale. Testo di grammatica per studenti stranieri dal livello principianti (A1) al livello intermedio-alto (B2). Perugia: Guerra.
Mezzadri, M. (2016). Grammatica pratica della lingua italiana (A1/C1). Roma: Bonacci.
Nocchi, S. (2011). Nuova grammatica pratica della lingua italiana. Esercizi, test, giochi (A1/B2; edizione aggiornata). Firenze: Alma Edizioni.
Petri, A., Laneri, M., Bernardoni, A. (2015). Grammatica di base dell’italiano. La prima grammatica cognitiva dell’italiano (A1-B1). Barcellona: Casa delle Lingue.
Ricci, M. (2011). Via della grammatica. Teoria, esercizi, test e materiale autentico per stranieri, A1/B2, elementare – intermedio. Roma: Edilingua.
Tartaglione, R., Benincasa, A. (2015). Grammatica della lingua italiana Per Stranieri. Regole, esercizi, letture, test, vol. 2: Intermedio-avanzato; B1/B2. Firenze: Alma Edizioni.
SILLABI D’ITALIANO
Accademia Italiana di Lingua (2018). Linee guida degli esami “Firenze” AIL. Firenze: AIL.
Arcangeli, M., Giugni, S., Cardillo, G., D’Angelo, K., Ferrari, S., Greco, N., Lucatorto, A. (2014).
Attestato ADA. Piano dei corsi. Firenze: Alma Edizioni.
Barni, M., Bandini, A., Sprugnoli, L., Lucarelli, S., Scaglioso, A.M., Strambi, B., Fusi, C., Arrufoli, A.M. (2009). Linee guida CILS. Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera. Università per Stranieri di Siena. Perugia: Guerra.
Benucci, A. (2007). Sillabo di italiano per stranieri: una proposta del Centro Linguistico dell’Università per Stranieri di Siena. Perugia: Guerra.
Cardillo, G., Vecchio, P. (2015). Livello PLIDA B2 – Quaderno delle specifiche. Società Dante Alighieri.
Lo Duca, M.G. (2011). Sillabo d’italiano L2 per studenti universitari in scambio. Roma: Carocci.
Minciarelli, F., Comodi, A. (2005). Sillabo per i cinque gradi del corso di lingua e cultura italiana per stranieri. Perugia: Guerra.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)