Keywords
images
discourse
concentration camp
Wikipedia
How to Cite
Abstract
In an age when the global dissemination of digital information is transforming the way we read and write by foregrounding the interdependence of visual/verbal elements and languages, the reconstruction of identity and history in digital environments challenges binary translation processes. From this perspective, we interrogate the integration of visual and verbal elements in three Wikipedia articles, written in Polish, English, and Portuguese, about the topic “Polish death camp”. What is the role of translation in the semiotic construction of historical discourses in these articles? What are the conflicts generated by translated denominations? How do Wikipedia communities engage with the production of these cognitive
representations? This paper attempts to answer these questions.
References
Agence Science-Presse. (2020, le 23 juin). Un petit guide des raccourcis mentaux : sachez identifier vos biais. Retrouvé sur : https://l-express.ca/un-petit-guide-des-raccourcis-mentaux-sachez-identifier-vos-biais/
Altares, G. (2021). Polonia estrecha el cerco contra los historiadores del Holocausto. El País, 13 février.
Retrouvé sur : https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-02-10/polonia-estrecha-el-cerco-contra-los-historiadores-del-holocausto.html?ssm=TW_CC.
Authier-Revuz, J. (2020). La représentation du discours autre. Principes pour une description. Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter. DOI : 10.1515/9783110641226.
Barthes, R. (1964). Rhétorique de l’image. Communications, Recherches sémiologiques, 4, 40-51. DOI : 10.3406/comm.1964.1027.
Byte Level Research (2020). Wikipedia, Google & Microsoft: Byte Level Research Announces the Best Global Websites of 2020. Retrouvé sur : https://www.newswire.com/news/wikipedia-google-microsoft-byte-level-research-announces-the-best-21108088.
Crampton, J.W. (2001). Maps as social constructions: power, communication and visualization. Progress in Human Geography, 25/2, 235-252. DOI : 10.1191/030913201678580494.
Dondero, M.G. (2010). Rhétorique des figures visuelles et argumentation par images dans le discours scientifique. Protée, 38/1, 41-53. DOI : 10.7202/039701ar.
Édeline, F. (2019). De l’œil au cerveau… et retour. Signata, 10, 1-19. DOI : 10.4000/signata.2393.
Gambier, Y. (2016). Traduction et texte : vers un nouveau double paradigme. Signata, 7, 175-197. DOI : 10.4000/signata.1195.
Harley, J.B. (1989). Historical geography and cartographic illusion. Journal of Historical Geography, 15/1, 80-91. DOI : 10.1016/S0305-7488(89)80066-0.
Hirsch, M. (2012). The Generation of Postmemory : Writing and Visual Culture After the Holocaust. New York : Columbia University Press. DOI : 10.7312/hirs15652.
Joly, M. (2011). L’introduction à l’analyse de l’image et son interprétation. Paris : Armand Colin.
Jones, H. (2018). Wikipedia, Translation, and the Collaborative Production of Spatial Knowledge. Alif. Journal of Comparative Poetics, 38, 264-297. DOI : 10.2307/26496377.
Morawiecki, M. (2019). Letter to Reed Hastings. Mateusz Morawiecki/Facebook. Retrouvé sur : https://www.facebook.com/MorawieckiPL/.
Moss, M. (2010). Toward the visualization of history. The past as image. Plymouth, UK : Lexington Books.
Sejm RP (2018). Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. Retrouvé sur : http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000369.
Stasiak-Jazukiewicz, E. (2015). Media context of defective codes of memory: a case study of German press recourse to false predicates to describe nazi annihilation camps and concentration camps established by the Germans in occupied Poland. In A. Nowak-Far et Ł. Zamęcki (eds.), Defective codes of memory. How the memory of international crimes is distorted in public discourse (pp. 33-49). Warsaw : Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Wales, J. (2009). Foreword. In A. Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World’s Greatest Encyclopedia (pp. XV-XX). New York : Hyperion.
Westerman, W. (2009). Epistemology, the Sociology of Knowledge and the Wikipedia Userbox Controversy. In T.J. Blank (ed.), Folklore and the Internet: Vernacular expression in the digital world (pp. 123-253). Logan, Utah : Utah State University Press,. DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt4cgrx5.9.
Wiater, A. (2016). Stimuler la parole à travers la peinture. L’entraînement à la créativité dans la perspective du développement de l’expression orale en langue étrangère. Wrocław : Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT.
Wikipedia (2020a). Polskie obozy zagłady (version du 29 août 2020). Retrouvé sur : https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskie_obozy_zag%C5%82ady.
Wikipedia (2020b). Polish death camp’ controversy (version du 29 août 2020). Retrouvé sur : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy.
Wikipedia (2020c). Campos de concentração polacos (version du 29 août 2020). Retrouvé sur : https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_de_concentra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_polacos.
Yuste Frías, J. (1998). Contenus de la traduction : signe et symbole. In P. Orero (ed.), III Congrés Internacional sobre Traducció. Març 1996. Actes (pp. 279-289). Bellaterra (Barcelona) : Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Retrouvé sur : https://seuils.hypotheses.org/414.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)