Keywords
inclusive language
women’s visibility
generic masculine gender
Catalan language
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze a selection of New Year’s Eve speeches delivered by the presidents of Catalonia in terms of the presence of so-called “inclusive language”. The examined texts all date from the past fifteen years (2008-2022), so they were delivered after the enactment of the Organic Law 3/2007 on the effective equality of women and men. The choice of Catalonia as the subject of this study is particularly interesting due to socio-political circumstances surrounding this period, such as the economic crisis, the referendum on the independence, the suspension of autonomy and the imprisonment of proindependence leaders. Therefore, while the speeches analyzed will undoubtedly emphasize the strengthening of identity and belonging, it is also relevant to examine whether these discourses reflect the use of linguistic means aimed at emphasizing the presence of women.
References
Bosque, I. (2012). Sexismo lingüístico y visibilidad de la mujer. Boletín de información lingüística de la RAE, 1, 1-18.
Czachur, W. (2016). Inscenizowanie bliskości w polskich i niemieckich orędziach noworocznych. Przyczynek do lingwistyki kulturowej i międzykulturowej. In J. Górnikiewicz, B. Marczuk & I. Piechnik (éds.), Études sur le texte dédiées à Halina Grzmil-Tylutki (pp. 73-96). Kraków: Biblioteka Jagiellońska.
Dedaić, M.N. (2006). Political Speeches and Persuasive Argumentation. In K. Brown (éd.), Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, vol. 9 (pp. 700-707). Oxford : Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00721-5
Elmiger, D. (2008). La féminisation de la langue en français et en allemand. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur.
García Meseguer, Á. (1994). ¿Es sexista la lengua española? Una investigación sobre el género gramatical. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidos.
Lakoff, R. (2004) [1975]: Language and Woman’s Place. Text and Commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lledó, E. (2007). De llengua, diferència i context. Barcelona: Institut Català de les Dones.
Sevilla Merino, J. (2018). Derechos, Constitución y lenguaje. Corts: Anuario de derecho parlamentario, 31, 81-104.
Szpyra-Kozłowska, J. (2021). O językowej nierówności płci i jej konsekwencjach. Polemika z tezami artykułu Ignacego Nasalskiego pt. „Funkcje i dysfunkcje języka inkluzywnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem asymetrii rodzajowej w języku polskim”. Socjolingwistyka, XXXV, 413-430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17651/SOCJOLING.35.24
CE = Conseil de l’Europe (1990). Recommandation no R (90) 4 sur l’élimination du sexisme dans le langage. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805019cd.
GenCat = Generalitat de Catalunya (2011). Guia d’usos no sexistes de la llengua en els textos de l’Administració de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya.
PE = Parlement européen (2018). Usage d’un langage neutre du point de vue du genre au Parlament européen. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/187098/GNL_Guidelines_FR-original.pdf.
UNESCO (1988). Actes de la Conférence générale, 24e session, Paris, 20 octobre-20 novembre 1987, v. 1: Résolutions. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000076995_fre.
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Marta Pawłowska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)