Enjoyment as a key to success? Links between e-tandem language learning and tertiary students’ foreign language enjoyment
PDF

Keywords

foreign language enjoyment
individual differences
LX user
positive psychology in SLA
tandem language learning

How to Cite

Resnik, P., & Schallmoser, C. (2019). Enjoyment as a key to success? Links between e-tandem language learning and tertiary students’ foreign language enjoyment. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 9(3), 541–564. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.3.6

Number of views: 1995


Number of downloads: 1313

Abstract

This paper reports on crossing borders virtually via an e-Tandem scheme and presents the findings of a study, in which students of English from an Austrian university were paired with students of German from the UK and the USA. Drawing on data from 19 in-depth interviews, the study aims to identify links between e-Tandem language learning and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2014, 2016). A category-based qualitative text analysis (Kuckartz, 2014) revealed that a majority of the interviewees felt e-Tandem language learning contributed to their FLE. Furthermore, a range of reasons underlying students’ perceived enjoyment of learning a language in Tandem emerged: having authentic conversations in the target language with L1 (first language) users (Dewaele, 2018), perceiving each other as cultural mediators and a difference from language classroom contexts on the level of power relations, which made students feel more at ease. Helping each other, receiving one-on-one feedback and perceiving improvement in their linguistic mastery were furthermore mentioned as factors they felt boosted their enjoyment and so was developing friendships with L1 users. According to the interviewees, these aspects specifically increased their interest and enjoyment in using and learning the language and their eudaimonic happiness. The findings demonstrate that e-Tandem language learning can be a resource to enhance perceived enjoyment in foreign language learners at tertiary level and they illustrate that social and private components of FLE seem to be interlinked.

https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.3.6
PDF

Funding

Our students and participants

research assistant Monika Mair

colleagues at the Universities of Vienna

Cambridge

Texas at Austin

and Oxford

References

Appel, C., & Gilabert, R. (2002). Motivation and task performance in a task-based web-based tandem project. ReCALL, 14(1), 16-31.

Boudreau, C., MacIntyre, P., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2018). Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: An idiodynamic approach. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 149-170.

Cook, V. J. (2016). Premises of multi-competence. In V. J. Cook & L. Wei (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook linguistic multi-competence (pp. 1-25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2006). Introduction. In I. S. Csikszentmihalyi & M. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 3-18). New York: Oxford University Press.

Cziko, G. A. (2004). Electronic tandem language learning (eTandem): A third approach to second language learning for the 21st century. CALICO Journal, 22(1), 25-39.

Dam, L. (1995). Learner autonomy 3: From theory to classroom practice. Dublin: Authentik.

De Smet, A., Mettewie, L., Galand, B., Hilingsmann, P., & Van Mensel, L. (2018). Classroom anxiety and enjoyment in CLIL and non-CLIL: Does the target language matter? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 47-71.

Dewaele, J.-M. (2007). The effect of multilingualism, sociobiographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(4), 391-409.

Dewaele, J.-M. (2010). Emotions in multiple languages. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dewaele, J.-M. (2015). From obscure echo to language of the heart: Multilinguals’ language choices for emotional inner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 87, 1-17.

Dewaele, J.-M. (2018). Why the dichotomy “L1 versus LX user” is better than “native versus non-native speaker.” Applied Linguistics, 39(2), 236-240. http://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw055

Dewaele, J.-M., & Alfawzan, M. (2018). Does the effect of enjoyment outweigh that of anxiety in foreign language performance? Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 21-25.

Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237-274.

Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2016). Foreign language enjoyment and foreign language classroom anxiety: The right and left feet of the language learner. In P. D. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 215-236). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Dewaele, J.-M., MacIntyre, P. D., Boudreau, C., & Dewaele, L. (2016). Do girls have all the fun? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 2(1), 41-63.

Dewaele, J.-M., Witney, J., Saito, K., & Dewaele, L. (2017). Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety in the FL classroom: The effect of teacher and learner variables. Language Teaching Research. http://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817692161

El-Hariri, Y. (2016). Learner perspectives on task design for oral-visual eTandem language learning. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 49-72.

Feldman-Barrett, L. (2006). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(1), 20-46.

Fondo Garcia, M., & Appel, C. (2016). Synchronous tandem language learning in a MOOC context: A study on task design and learner performance. In S. Papadima-Sophocleous, L. Bradley, & S. Thouësny (Eds.), CALL Communities and Culture – short papers from EUROCALL 2016 (pp. 144-149). Research-publishing.net. http://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.552

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91(4), 330-335.

Fredrickson, B. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 359(1449), 1367-1377.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Updated thinking on positivity ratios. American Psychologist, 68(9), 814-822.

Gkonou, C., Daubney, M., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2017). New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Gregersen, T., MacIntyre, P., & Olson, T. (2017). Do you see what I feel? An idiodynamic assessment of expert and peer’s reading of nonverbal anxiety cues. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J.-M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 110-134). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Hedderich, N. (1996). Language and intercultural learning in the forum. In D. Little & H. Brammerts (Eds.), A guide to language learning in tandem via the internet (pp. 43-49). CLCS Occasional Paper No. 46, Dublin: Trinity College, Centre for Language and Communication Studies.

Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a foreign language anxiety scale. TESOL Quarterly, 20(3), 559-562. http://doi.org/307/3586302

Horwitz, E. K. (2000). It ain’t over ’til it’s over: On foreign language anxiety, first language deficits and the confounding of variables. Modern Language Journal, 84(2), 256-259.

Jin, L., & Erben, T. (2007). Intercultural learning via instant messenger interaction. CALICO Journal, 24(2), 291-311.

Kinginger, C. (2016). Telecollaboration and student mobility for language learning. In S. Jager, M. Kurek, & B. O’Rourke (Eds.), New directions in telecollaborative research and practice: Selected papers from the second conference on telecollaboration in higher education (pp. 19-29). Research-publishing.net. http://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2016.telecollab2016.487

Kohn, K. (2018). POA meets ELF in intercultural telecollaboration. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 41(2), 244-248.

Kohn, K., & Hoffstaedter, P. (2017). Learner agency and non-native speaker identity in pedagogical lingua franca conversations: Insights from intercultural telecollaboration in foreign language education. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(5), 351-367.

Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice, and using software. London: Sage Publications.

Little, D. (1996). Learner autonomy and learner counselling. In D. Little & H. Brammerts (Eds.), A guide to language learning in tandem via the internet (pp. 23-34). CLCS Occasional Paper No. 46, Dublin: Trinity College, Centre for Language and Communication Studies.

Little, D. (1999a). Introduction. In D. Little, E. Ushioda, M. C. Appel, J. Moran, B. O'Rourke, & K. Schwienhorst (Eds.), Evaluating tandem language learning by e-mail: Report on a bilateral project (pp. 1-5). CLCS Occasional Paper No. 55. Dublin: Trinity College, Centre for Language and Communication Studies.

Little, D. (1999b). Conclusion. In D. Little, E. Ushioda, M. C. Appel, J. Moran, B. O'Rourke, & K. Schwienhorst (Eds.), Evaluating tandem language learning by e-mail: Report on a bilateral project (pp. 51-54). CLCS Occasional Paper No. 55. Dublin: Trinity College, Centre for Language and Communication Studies.

Little, D. (2001). Learner autonomy and the challenge of tandem language learning via the internet. In A. Chambers & G. Davies (Eds.), Information and communications technologies and language learning: A European perspective (pp. 29-38). Lisse: Swets and Zeltlinger.

Little, D. (2006). Learner autonomy: Drawing together the threads of self-assessment, goalsetting and reflection. European Centre for Modern Languages (ECML). Retrieved from http://archive.ecml.at/

Little, D. (2013). Learner autonomy as discourse: The role of the target language. In A. Burkert, L. Dam, & C. Ludwig (Eds.), The answer is autonomy: Issues in language teaching and learning (pp. 15-27). Selected papers from the LASIG conference at Treffpunkt Sprachen in Graz, Austria. Kent: IATEFL.

Little, D. (2016). Learner autonomy and telecollaborative language learning. In S. Jager, M. Kurek, & B. O’Rourke (Eds.), New directions in telecollaborative research and practice: Selected papers from the second conference on telecollaboration in higher education (pp. 45-55). Research publishing.net. http://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2016.telecollab2016.489

MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 45-68). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gregersen, T. (2012a). Affect: The role of language anxiety and other emotions in language learning. In S. Mercer, S. Ryan, & M. Williams (Eds.), Language learning psychology: Research, theory and pedagogy (pp. 103-118). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gregersen, T. (2012b). Emotions that facilitate language learning: The positive-broadening power of the imagination. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2(2), 193-213.

MacIntyre, P., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (Eds.). (2016). Positive psychology in SLA. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

MacIntyre, P., & Mercer, S. (2014). Introducing positive psychology to SLA. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 153-172.

Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/ Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). Retrieved from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089

Mercer, S. (2011). Language learner self-concept: Complexity, continuity and change. System, 39, 335-346.

O’Dowd, R. (2003). Understanding the ‘other side’: Intercultural learning in a Spanish English e-mail exchange. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 118-144.

O’Dowd, R. (2013). Telecollaborative networks in university higher education: Overcoming barriers to integration. The Internet and Higher Education, 18, 47-53.

Office for Standards in Education. (2015). A-level subject take-up numbers and proportions of girls and boys studying A-level subjects in England. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/426646/A_level_subject_take-up.pdf

Pavelescu, L. M., & Petrić, B. (2018). Love and enjoyment in context: Four case studies of adolescent EFL learners. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 73-101.

Pfenninger, S., & Singleton, D. (2017). Beyond age effects in instructional L2 learning: Revisiting the age factor. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Pike, K. L. (1954). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behaviour. The Hague: Mouton.

Rahimi, A., & Askari Bigdeli, R. (2014). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions in second language learning. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, 159, 795-801.

Resnik, P. (2018). Multilinguals’ verbalisation and perception of emotions. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Roberts, C., Byram, M., Barro, A., Jordan, S., & Street, B. (2001). Language learners as ethnographers. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Saito, K., Dewaele, J.-M., Abe, M., & In’nami, Y. (2018). Motivation, emotion, language experience, and second language comprehensibility development in classroom settings: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Language Learning, 68(3), 1-35. http://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12297

Schallmoser, C., & Resnik, P. (forthcoming). Using Facebook as a resource for e-Tandem language learning in higher education. In M. Jeon, M. Figueredo, & F. Carra-Salsberg (Eds.), Best practices for teaching and learning in languages, literatures, and linguistics. Na końcu dodaj: Toronto: Toronto University Press.

Schwienhorst, K. (2003). Learner autonomy and tandem learning: Putting principles into practice in synchronous and asynchronous telecommunications environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 16(5), 427-44.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Sotillo, S. (2005). Corrective feedback via instant messenger learning activities in NSNNS and NNSNNS Dyads. CALICO Journal, 22(3), 467-496.

Steinmüller, U. (1991). Sprachunterricht und interkulturelle Erziehung: Das Tandem-Prinzip. In Tandem e.V. (Ed.), Sprachen lernen im interkulturellen Austausch: Dokumentation der 2. Europäischen Tandem – Tage 1990 (pp. 9-17). Frankfurt/M.: Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation

St John, E. (1996). Benefits of pairing partners sharing the same discipline. In D. Little & H. Brammerts (Eds.), A guide to language learning in tandem via the Internet (pp. 61-62). CLCS Occasional Paper No. 46, Dublin: Trinity College, Centre for Language and Communication Studies.

Sung, K.-Y., & Poole, F. (2017). Investigating the use of a smartphone social networking application on language learning. JALT CALL Journal, 13(2), 97-115.

Swain, M. (2013). The inseparability of cognition and emotion in second language learning. Language Teaching, 46(2), 195-207.

Tian, J., & Wang, Y. (2010). Taking language learning outside the classroom: Learners’ perspectives of eTandem learning via Skype. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 4(3), 181-197. http://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2010.513443

Turula, A. (2017). Learner autonomy as a social construct in the context of Italki. Teaching English with Technology, 17(2), 3-28.

Universities and Colleges Admissions Service. (2017). End of cycle 2017 data resources DR3_014_01: Acceptances by subject group and sex. Retrieved from https://www.ucas.com/file/138111/download?token=Onf6bTdg

Ushioda, E. (2000). Tandem language learning via e-mail: From motivation to autonomy. ReCALL, 12(2), 121-128.

VERBI Software. (2018). MAXQDA 2018. [Computer Software]. Berlin: VERBI.

Ware, P. D., & Kramsch, C. (2005). Toward an intercultural stance: Teaching German and English through telecollaboration. Modern Language Journal, 89(2), 190-205.

Ware, P., & O'Dowd, R. (2008). Peer feedback on language form in telecollaboration. Language Learning & Technology, 12(1), 43-63.

Wilson, R., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2010). The use of web questionnaires in second language acquisition and bilingualism research. Second Language Research, 26(1), 103-123.

Young, T. J., & Walsh, S. (2010). Which English? Whose English? An investigation of ‘non-native’ teachers’ beliefs about target varieties. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 23(2), 123-37.