Abstract
Extensive reading (ER) which encourages second or foreign (L2) learners to engage in a great deal of reading, has long been recognized as an efficient approach in L2 reading pedagogy. While many attempts have been made to understand the effect of ER on the cognitive domains of L2 learners, there has been insufficient investigation into how ER influences their affective domains. Particularly, reading attitudes, one of the key elements of affective factors involved in L2 reading, have received little attention. This classroom-based intervention study investigated the impact of ER on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ attitudes toward English reading compared to the influence of the traditional intensive reading (IR) approach. In addition, this study explored whether the impact of the ER approach on EFL learners’ reading attitudes is different depending on L2 proficiency. The study included two intact classes of EFL secondary learners (N = 72) who received either ER or IR instructional treatments for a 12-week period. For the results, ANCOVA showed that the ER approach fostered positive reading attitudes significantly more than the IR approach. In addition, the analysis indicated that the participants’ proficiency levels did not have a significant effect upon changes in their reading attitudes. That is, regardless of proficiency level, the ER approach demonstrated a significantly positive effect on participants’ reading attitudes in comparison with the IR approach.
References
Al-Homoud, F., & Schmitt, N. (2009). Extensive reading in a challenging environment: A comparison of extensive and intensive reading approaches in Saudi Arabia. Language Teaching Research, 13(4), 383-401.
Bell, T. (2001). Extensive reading: Speed and comprehension. The Reading Matrix, 1(1), 1-13.
Carrell, P. L., & Carson, J. G. (1997). Extensive and intensive reading in an EAP setting. English for Specific Purposes, 16(1), 47-60.
Cha, J. E. (2009). The effects of extensive reading on enhancing vocational high school students’ L2 vocabulary and reading rates. English Teaching, 64(3), 3-30.
Coady, J. (1997). L2 vocabulary acquisition through extensive reading. In J. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy (pp. 225-237). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crossley, S. A., & McNamara, D. S. (2008). Assessing L2 reading texts at the intermediate level: An approximate replication of Crossley, Louwerse, McCarthy & McNamara (2007). Language Teaching, 41(3), 409-429.
Cummins, J. (1976). The influence of bilingualism on cognitive growth: A synthesis of research findings and explanatory hypotheses. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 9, 1-43.
Day, R. R., & Bamford, J. (1998). Extensive reading in the second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Day, R. R., & Bamford, J. (2002). Top ten principles for teaching extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 14(2), 136-141.
Day, R., & Prentice, N. (2016). Extensive reading into the classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
de Burgh-Hirabe, R., & Feryok, A. (2013). A model of motivation for extensive reading in Japanese as a foreign language. Reading in a Foreign Language, 25(1), 72-93.
Ehri, L. C. (2005). Phases of development in learning to read words by sight. Journal of Research in Reading, 18(2), 116-125.
Elley, W. B. (2000). The potential of book floods for raising literacy levels. International Review of Education, 46(3), 233-255.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
Hill, D. R. (1997). Survey review: Graded readers. ELT Journal, 51(1), 57-81.
Hill, D. R. (2001). Graded readers. ELT Journal, 55(3), 300-324.
Huffman, J. (2014). Reading rate gains during a one-semester extensive reading course. Reading in a Foreign Language, 26(2), 17-33.
Jacobs, G. M., & Farrell, T. S. (2012) Teachers’ sourcebook for extensive reading. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Krashen, S. D. (1994). The pleasure hypothesis. In J. E. Alatis (Ed.), Educational linguistics, crosscultural communication, and global interdependence (pp. 299-322). Washington, D.C.: Geargetown University Press.
Lee, J., Schallert, D. L., & Kim, E. (2015). Effects of extensive reading and translation activities on grammar knowledge and attitudes for EFL adolescents. System, 52, 38-50.
Lu, Z., & Liu, M. (2015). An investigation of Chinese university EFL learner’s foreign language reading anxiety, reading strategy use and reading comprehension performance. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 5(1), 65-85.
Macalister, J. (2014). Teaching reading: Research into practice. Language Teaching, 47(3), 387-397.
McKenna, M. C., Cramer, E., & Castle, M. (1994). Model of attitude influence upon reading and learning to read. In E. Cramer & M. Castle (Eds.), Fostering the love of reading: The affective domain in reading education (pp. 135-136). Newark: International Reading Association.
McKenna, M. C., Stratton, B. D., Grindler, M. C., & Jenkins, S. J. (1995). Differential effects of whole language and traditional instruction on reading attitudes. Journal of Literacy Research, 27(1), 19-44.
Mizokawa, D. T., & Hansen-Krening, N. (2000). The ABCs of attitudes toward reading: Inquiring about the reader’s response. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(1), 72-79.
Morvay, G. (2012). The relationship between syntactic knowledge and reading comprehension in EFL learners. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2(3), 415-438.
Nation, P. (2013). What should every ESL teacher know? Seoul: Compass Publishing.
Nation, P. (2015). Principles guiding vocabulary learning through extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27(1), 136-145.
Nation, P., & Ming-Tzu, K. W. (1999). Graded readers and vocabulary. Reading in a Foreign Language, 12(2), 355-380.
Nuttall, C. (1996). Teaching reading skills in a foreign language. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). Berkshire: Open University Press.
Park, A. Y. (2017) Comparison of the impact of extensive and intensive reading approaches on the Korean EFL learners’ reading rate and reading comprehension development. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6(3), 131-142.
Park, A. Y., Isaacs, T., & Woodfield, H. (2018). A comparison of the effects of extensive and intensive reading approaches on the vocabulary development of Korean secondary EFL learners. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(1), 113-134.
Prowse, P. (2002). Top ten principles for teaching extensive reading: A response. Reading in a Foreign Language, 14(2), 142-145.
Powell, S. (2005). Extensive reading and its role in Japanese high schools. The Reading Matrix, 5(2), 28-42.
Rashidi, N., & Piran, M. (2011). The effect of extensive and intensive reading on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary size and depth. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(2), 471-482.
Renandya, W. A. (2007). The power of extensive reading. RELC Journal, 38(2), 133-149.
Renandya, W. A., & Farrell, T. S. C. (2011). “Teacher, the tape is too fast!” extensive listening in ELT. ELT Journal, 65(1), 52-59.
Sainsbury, M., & Clarkson, R. (2008). Attitudes to reading at ages nine and eleven: Full report. Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.
Schörkhuber, V. (2009). Extensive reading. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag.
Shin, I.-C., & Ahn, B. K. (2006). The effects of different types of extensive reading materials on reading amount, attitude and motivation. English Teaching, 61(1), 451-466.
Shih, Y.-C., Chern, C. -l., & Reynolds, B. L. (2018). Bringing extensive reading and reading strategies into the Taiwanese junior college classroom. Reading in a Foreign Language, 30(1), 130-151.
Shih, Y.-C., & Reynolds, B. L. (2015). Teaching adolescents EFL by integrating think-pair-share and reading strategy instruction: A quasi-experimental study. RELC Journal, 46(3), 221-235.
Smith, M. C. (1990). A longitudinal investigation of reading attitude development from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Educational Research, 83(4), 215-219.
Stephens, M. (2016). Response to Sakurai: The influence of translation on reading amount, proficiency and speed in extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 28(1), 151.
Sun, Z., Yang, X. M., & He, K. K. (2016). An extensive reading strategy to promote online writing for elementary students in the 1:1 digital classroom. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(2), 398-412.
Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students’ motivation for extensive L2 reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 19(1), 1-18.
Takase, A. (2009). The effects of different types of extensive reading materials on reading amount, attitude and motivation. In A. Cirocki (Ed.), Extensive reading in English language teaching (pp. 451-466). Munich: Lincom Europa.
van Schooten, E., & de Glopper, K. (2002). The relation between attitude toward reading adolescent literature and literary reading behavior. Poetics, 30(3), 169-194.
Ware, J. L., Yonezawa, M., Kurihara, Y., & Durand J. (2012). Investigating extensive listening using graded reader CDs. Extensive Reading World Congress Proceedings, 1, 120-123. https://erfoundation.org/proceedings/erwc1-Ware-Yonezawa-Kurihara-Durand.pdf.
Waring, R., & Takaki, M. (2003). At what rate do learners learn and retain new vocabulary from reading a graded reader. Reading in a Foreign Language, 15(2), 130-163.
Webb, S., & Chang, A. C. (2015). Second language vocabulary learning through extensive reading with audio support: How do frequency and distribution of occurrence affect learning? Language Teaching Research, 19(6), 667-686.
Wolf, M., & Katzir-Cohen, T. (2001). Reading fluency and its intervention. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 211-239.
Yamashita, J. (2004). Reading attitudes in L1 and L2, and their influence on L2 extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 16(1), 1-19.
Yamashita, J. (2007). The relationship of reading attitudes between L1 and L2: An investigation of adult EFL learners in Japan. TESOL Quarterly, 41, 81-105.
Yamashita, J. (2008). Extensive reading and development of different aspects of L2 proficiency. System, 36, 661-672.
Yamashita, J. (2013). Effects of extensive reading on reading attitudes in a foreign language. Reading in a Foreign Language, 25(2), 248-263.
Yamashita, J. (2015). In search of the nature of extensive reading in L2: Cognitive, affective, and pedagogical perspectives. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27(1), 168-181.
Yamashita, J., & Kan, K. N. (2011). Examining effects of L2 extensive reading in the cognitive and affective domains. In McColl Millar, Robert and Durham, Mercedes (Eds.), Applied Linguistics, Global and Local: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 9-11 September 2010, University of Aberdeen (pp. 375-385). London: Scitsiugnil Press. 375-385.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.