Keywords
executive functions
Chinese as a second language
single-character reading
two-character word reading
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Abstract
Executive functions (EF) have long been recognized as critical factors in accounting for individual differences in literacy development. However, their role in second language (L2) learning, particularly in non-alphabetic languages such as Chinese, has not been fully explored. This study endeavored to examine the role of EF in word reading among 200 Chinese as a second language (CSL) learners in Hong Kong. Participants completed a series of tasks measuring EF components, including inhibition, visual working memory, verbal working memory, and cognitive shifting, as well as tasks assessing their word reading abilities, which encompassed both single-character reading and two-character word reading. The contributions of EF to the total word reading score, single-character reading, and two-character word reading were analyzed. The results demonstrated that visual working memory and inhibition emerged as unique and significant predictors. Moreover, EF explained a greater proportion of variance in two-character word reading compared to single-character reading, suggesting that the cognitive demands of reading two-character words in Chinese differ from those of single-character reading. Additionally, we examined the moderating effect of age on the relationship between EF and word reading. No significant moderating effect was found, indicating a constant contribution of EF to word reading across different age groups among CSL learners. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights into the role of EF in L2 literacy development and suggest practical pedagogical strategies for enhancing word reading skills among CSL learners.
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4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.