Keywords
immersion program
translanguaging
inner voice
L2 pragmatics
How to Cite
Number of views: 675
Number of downloads: 474
Abstract
This paper first considers what it means to become truly proficient in a language other than the native one. It then looks briefly at the evolution of dual language programs. Next, it focuses on the issue of whether the first language (L1) or the second language (L2) serves as the language of mediation. Other dual language program issues are then discussed, such as how proficient learners actually become in academic and social language in the L2, their proficiency in grammar and pronunciation, and possible administrative constraints in the design and execution of such programs. Finally, attention is given to a guidebook written directly for dual language learners and for their teachers in which learners are encouraged to take a proactive role to ensure that they make the most of their dual program language learning and use experiences.References
Asia Society. (2012). Chinese language learning in the early grades: A handbook for resources and best practices for Mandarin immersion. New York & Hong Kong: Asia Society. retrieved from http://asiasociety.org/files/chinese-earlylanguage.pdf
Behan, L., Spek, J., & Turnbull, M. (1995). Can L1 use in collaborative dialogues help bridge the L2 proficiency gap? Unpublished manuscript, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Behan, L., Turnbull, M., & Spek, J. (1997). The proficiency gap in late immersion (extended French): Language use in collaborative tasks. Le Journal de L’immersion, 20, 41-42.
Canagarajah, S. (2011). Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 401-417.
Cohen, A. D. (1994). The language used to perform cognitive operations during full-immersion math tasks. Language Testing, 11(2), 171-195.
Cohen, A. D. (2014a). A teachers’ guide to language learning by young learners. Pilot version. Oakland, CA. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/viewerng/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dW1uLmVkdXxhbmRyZXdkY29oZW58Z3g6MjE2YWYzMTI0MzA2NzNiMg&u=0
Cohen, A. D. (2014b). A young learners’ guide to language learning. Pilot version. Oakland, CA. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/viewerng/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dW1uLmVkdXxhbmRyZXdkY29oZW58Z3g6NzRlNzJhNDhlMmNlYTY2Yg&u=0
Cohen, A. D. (in press). The design and construction of websites to promote L2 pragmatics. In K. Bardovi-Harlig & C. Félix-Brasdefer (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning, Volume 14. National Foreign Language Resource Center, University of Hawai’i, Manoa.
Cohen, A. D., & Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Taking my Motivational Temperature on a Language Task. In R. M. Paige, A. D. Cohen, B. Kappler, J. C. Chi, & J. P. Lassegard (Eds.), Maximizing study abroad (2nd ed.)(pp. 170-171). Minneapolis: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/andrewdcohen/publications/language-learner-styles-strategies.
Cohen, A. D. & Gómez, T. (2008). Towards enhancing academic language proficiency in a fifth-grade Spanish immersion classroom. In D. M. Brinton, O. Kagan, & S. Bauckus (Eds.), Heritage language education: A new field emerging (pp. 289-300). New York: Routledge.
Cohen, A. D., & Swain, M. (1976). Bilingual education: The “immersion” model in the North American context. TESOL Quarterly, 10, 45-53. Reprinted in J. B. Pride (Ed.), Sociolinguistic aspects of language learning and teaching (pp. 144-151). London: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Cohen, A. D., Pinilla-Herrera, A., Thompson, J. R., & Witzig, L. E. (2011). Communicating grammatically: Evaluating a learner strategies website for Spanish grammar. CALICO Journal, 29(1), 145-172.
de Jong, E.J. (2011). Foundations for multilingualism in education: From principles to practice. Philadelphia, PA: Caslon. Retrieved from: http://caslonpublishing.com/media/publication_samples/deJong_Look_inside.pdf
Félix-Brasdefer, C. (2001). Exploring the grammatical performance of dual immersion students at the end of fifth grade. Unpublished paper, University of Minnesota, USA.
Fortune, T. (2008., October). Understanding student language use: Contextual, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Immersion Education, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Fortune, T. W. (2012). What the research says about immersion. In V. Stewart et al., (Eds.), Chinese language learning in the early grades: A handbook for resources and best practices for Mandarin immersion (pp. 9-13). New York: Asia Society. Retrieved from: http://asiasociety.org/files/chineseearlylanguage.pdf
Fortune, T. W., & Menke, M. R. (2010). Struggling learners and language immersion education. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Advanced Studies on Language Acquisition.
Fortune, T., & Tedick, D. (2003). What parents want to know about foreign language immersion programs. Washington, DC: CAL. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Andrew/Downloads/WhatParentsWanttoKnow%20(1).pdf
García, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
García, O., & Sylvan, C. E. (2011). Pedagogies and practices in multilingual classrooms: Singularities in pluralities. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 385-400.
Genesee, F. (1987). Learning through two languages: Studies of immersion and bilingual education. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
Gunnarsson, T. (n.d.). Translanguaging: A review of flexible language use on students’ learning of additional languages [slide set]. Lund University, Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.spraklararna.se/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/TinaGunnarsson.pdf
Harley, B.(1993). Instructional strategies and SLA in early French immersion. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15(2), 245-259.
Lapkin, S., Swain, M., & Shapson, S. (1990). French immersion research agenda for the 90's. Canadian Modern Language Review, 46(4), 638-667.
Lopez, A. A., Guzman-Orth, D., & Turkan, S. (2014). A study on the use of translanguaging to assess the content knowledge of emergent bilingual students. Unpublished manuscript, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Palmer, D. K. (2009). Middle-class English speakers in a two-way immersion bilingual classroom: “Everybody should be listening to Jonathan right now . . .” TESOL Quarterly, 43(20), 177-202.
Shohamy, E. (2011). Assessing multilingual competencies: Adopting construct valid assessment policies. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 418-429.
Swain, M. (1991). Second language testing and second language acquisition: Is there a conflict with traditional psychometrics? In J. Alatis (Ed.), GURT 90 (pp. 401-412). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (2000). Task-based second language learning: The uses of the first language. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 251-274.
Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (2013). A Vygotskian sociocultural perspective on immersion education: The L1/L2 debate. Journal of Immersion and Content- Based Language Education, 1(1), 101-130.
Thomas, W., & Collier, V. (2013). Dual language education for a transformed world. Albuquerque, NM: Dual Language Education of New Mexico Fuente Press.
Turnball, M., Cormier, M., & Bourque, J. (2011). The first language in science class: A quasi-experimental study in late French immersion. The Modern Language Journal, 95, Supplementary Issue, 182-198.
Zydatis, W. (2012). Linguistic thresholds in the CLIL classroom: The threshold hypothesis revisited. International CLIL Research Journal, 1(4), 17-28. Retrieved from http://www.icrj.eu/14/article2.html
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.