Keywords
native standards
nativespeakerhood
wellformedness
How to Cite
Number of views: 447
Number of downloads: 367
Abstract
This paper examines the status of European English (EE) in current linguistictheory, in particular the hotly debated issue of whether or not it is possible to treat EE as an endonormative linguistic variety in its own right. Alternatively, EE may remain a form of English as a foreign language (EFL), and the decision has far-reaching socio-political consequences. Some relevant data from Polish English is discussed in this context. It is argued that there is no reason to reanalyse the observed deviations from English native standards as simplifications or innovations characteristic of a new language. The debate is shown to relate to the opposition between utilitarian and epistemic goals in foreign language teaching methodology, as exemplified by the dichotomy between competence and performance or between training for interaction and training of the faculties of the mind.
References
Alptekin, C. (2002). Towards Intercultural Communicative Competence in ELT, ELT Journal, 56(1), 57-64.
Batstone, R. (1994). Product and process: Grammar in the second language classroom. In M. Bygate, A. Tonkyn, & E. Williams (Eds.), Grammar and the language teacher (pp. 224-236). New York: Prentice Hall.
Bley-Vroman, R. (1989). What is the logical problem of foreign language learning? In S. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 41-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. (2010). Linguistic and cultural education for Bildung and citizenship. The Modern Language Journal, 94, 317-320.
Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gozdawa-Gołębiowski, R. (2003). Interlanguage formation. A study of the triggering mechanisms. Warszawa: Instytut Anglistyki.
European Commission. Directorate-General for Translation. (2011). Lingua Franca: Chimera or reality? Studies on Translation and Multilingualism, 1.
Hoffman, Ch. (2000). The spread of English and the growth of multilingualism with English in Europe. In J. Cenoz & U. Jessner (Eds.), English in Europe. The Acquisition of a third language (pp. 1-21). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Holliday, A. (2005). The struggle to teach English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jenkins, J. (2002). A sociolinguistically based, empirically researched pronunciation syllabus for English as an International Language. Applied Linguistics, 23, 83-103.
Jenkins, J. (2006). Global intelligibility and local diversity: Possibility or paradox? In R. Rubdi & M. Saraceni (Eds.), English in the world. Global rules, global roles (pp. 32-39). London: Continuum.
Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a lingua franca: Attitude and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, B. (1982). Models for non-native Englishes. In B. Kachru (Ed.), The other tongue: English across cultures (pp. 31-57). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Kachru, B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the Outer Circle. In R. Quirk & H.G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the World. Teaching and Learning the Languages and Literatures (pp. 11-31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. (2005). Whose English is it? Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Kecskesc, I. (2008). Formulaic language in English lingua franca. In I. Kecskesc & L. Horn (Eds.), Mouton series in pragmatics: Explorations in pragmatics: Linguistic, cognitive and intercultural aspects (pp. 191-218). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2008). Culture globalization and language education. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mollin, S. (2006). Euro-English. Assessing variety status. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Prodromou, L. (2006). Defining the “successful bilingual speaker” of English. In R. Rubdy & M. Saraceni (Eds.), English in the world. Global rules, global roles (pp. 51-70). London: Continuum.
Risager, K. (2006). Language and culture. Global flows and local complexity. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Rubdy, R., & Saraceni, M. (Eds.), (2006). English in the world. Global rules, global roles. London: Continuum.
Sarolta, F. (2003). The function of the English language in the European Union. European Integration Studies, 2(2), 53-64.
Seidlhofer, B. (1999). Double standards: Teacher education in the expanding circle. World Englishes, 18(2), 233-245.
Seidlhofer, B. (2006). English as a lingua franca in the expanding circle: What it isn’t. In R. Rubdi & M. Saraceni (Eds.), English in the world. Global rules, global roles (pp. 40-50). London: Continuum.
Seidlhofer, B., & Jenkins, J. (2003). English as a lingua franca and the politics of property. In C. Mair (Ed.), The politics of English as a world language. New horizons in postcolonial cultural studies (pp. 139-154). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Smith, U. (2010). English as a lingua franca. A longitudinal study of classroom discourse. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Swan, M., & Smith, B. (Eds.), (2001). Learner English. A teacher’s guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walker, R. (2010). Teaching the pronunciation of English as a lingua franca. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1998). The ownership of English. In V. Zamel & R. Spack (Eds.), Negotiating academic literacies (pp. 237-248). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VanPatten, B. (Ed.). (2004). Processing instruction: Theory, research and commentary. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
License
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.