Słowa kluczowe
volunteer support
refugees
war in Ukraine
qualitative research
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The aim of the study was to learn the personal perspective of the experience of providing aid by volunteers involved in help for refugees from Ukraine who came to Polish in February 2022. The particular interest were the emotions experienced by volunteers in the circumstances of providing assistance at reception points located at railway stations in the capital of Poland, where people fleeing the war could receive support in the initial period of the invasion in Ukraine. The study was carried out in accordance with the assumptions of the phenomenological approach, which allows to describe the phenomenon by the meaning given to it by the respondents. The data collected was compiled with thematic analysis techniques. As a result, ten topics were distinguished, including: experiences related to the war and volunteer activities, the image of Ukrainians coming to Poland, motives for taking up help and satisfaction derived from it, the importance of the support of relatives and a group of cooperating volunteers for regulating emotions accompanying volunteer activity. Participants were strongly affected by the outbreak of the war, although they differed in the intensity of their fear for Polish safety and their commitment to following information about the war. They had a positive image of Ukrainians, due to their perceived cultural similarity to Poles. Listening to the refugees’ stories was particularly emotionally difficult for those who spoke Russian. Participants felt a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction from helping. An important benefit of volunteering was the bonds with other volunteers, which also served as mutual support and a source of strategies for regulating negative emotions. The study presents examples of good practices used by Polish NGOs carrying out volunteering, as well as provides practical implications useful in planning psychological support for people helping refugees and in other areas of volunteer assistance.
Bibliografia
Adamiak, P. (2014). Zaangażowanie społeczne Polek i Polaków. Wolontariat, filantropia, 1% i wizerunek organizacji pozarządowych. Raport z badania 2013.
Allison, L.D., Okun, M.A., Dutridge, K.S. (2002). Assessing volunteer motives: A comparison of an open-ended probe and Likert rating scales. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(4), 243–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.677
Basińska, A., Łuczak, M.J. (2012). Wolontariat akcyjny. Problemy zarządzania i organizacji pracy. Organizacja i Kierowanie, 150(1), 41–51.
Batson, C.D., Dyck, J.L., Brandt, J.R., Batson, J.G., Powell, A.L., McMaster, M.R., Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 52–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.52
Batson, C.D., Oleson, K.C., Weeks, J.L., Healy, S.P., Reeves, P.J., Jennings, P., Brown, T. (1989). Religious prosocial motivation: Is it altruistic or egoistic? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 873–884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.873
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Camic, P.M., Rhodes, J.E., Yardley, L. (2003). Naming the stars: Integrating qualitative methods into psychological research. W: P.M. Camic, J.E. Rhodes, L. Yardley (red.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (s. 3–15). American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10595-001
Cialdini, R.B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J., Beaman, A.L. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 749–758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.749
Clary, E.G., Snyder, M. (1999). The Motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical consideration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(5), 156–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037
Clary, E.G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R.D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A.A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1516
CNN. (2022, 23 lutego). Russia attacks Ukraine. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/index.html
Creswell, J.W., Creswell, J.D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Davis, M.H., Hall, J.A., Meyer, M. (2003). The first year: Influences on the satisfaction, involvement, and persistence of new community volunteers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 248–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239050
Doidge, M., Sandri, E. (2019). ‘Friends that last a lifetime’: The importance of emotions amongst volunteers working with refugees in Calais. The British Journal of Sociology, 70(2), 463–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12484
Dovidio, J.F. (1984). Helping behavior and altruism: An empirical and conceptual overview. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 361–427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60123-9
Duszczyk, M. (2024, 31 stycznia). Ukrainian refugees in Poland: Current situation and what to expect. Free Network. https://freepolicybriefs.org/2022/03/17/ukrainian-refugees-inpoland/#:~:text=Our%20estimates%20show%20that%20there,as%20Warsaw,%20Kraków%20or%20Wrocław
Elliott, R., Fischer, C.T. Rennie, D.L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 215-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466599162782
Ferreira, M.R., Proença, T., Proença, J.F. (2012). Organisational influence on volunteer satisfaction and attitudes towards HRM practices: The case of hospital volunteers. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 9(1), 27–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-011-0071-z
Finkelstein, M.A. (2008). Volunteer satisfaction and volunteer action: A functional approach. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(1), 9–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.9
Galindo-Kuhn, R., Guzley, R.M. (2001). The volunteer satisfaction index. Journal of Social Service Research, 28(1), 45–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v28n01_03
Houle, B.J., Sagarin, B.J., Kaplan, M.F. (2005). A functional approach to volunteerism: Do volunteer motives predict task preference? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 337–344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2704_6
Kanafa-Chmielewska, D. (2016). Zaangażowanie społeczne z perspektywy psychologicznej. Psychologia Społeczna, 11(3(38), 310–320.
Karakayali, S. (2017). Feeling the scope of solidarity: The role of emotions for volunteers supporting refugees in Germany. Social Inclusion, 5(3), 7–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i3.1008
Kiel Institute. (2023, luty) The Ukraine support tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? https://www.ifw-kiel.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/87bb7b0fed26-4240-8979-5e6601aea9e8KWP_2218_Trebesch_et_al_Ukraine_Support_Tracker.pdf
Kroplewski, Z., Kulik, M., Rydzewska, M., Szałachowski, R., Szcześniak, M., Timoszyk-Tomczak, C. (2015). Syntetyczny model motywacji prospołecznych na przykładzie wolontariatu. Educational Psychology, 49(7), 45–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/00332860.1161569
Lewicka, M. (2008). Dwuścieżkowy model aktywności społecznej: kapitał społeczny czy kulturowy? W: D. Rutkowska, A. Szuster (red.), O różnych obliczach altruizmu (s. 245–275). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Meier, S., Stutzer, A. (2004). Is volunteering rewarding in itself? SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505042
Musa, S.A., Hamid, A.A.R.M. (2008). Psychological problems among aid workers operating in darfur. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(3), 407–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.3.407
Nowak, M.A., Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature, 437(7063), 1291–1298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04131
Omoto, A.M., Snyder, M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 671–686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.671
Operational Data Portal. (2024, 31 stycznia). Situation Ukraine refugee situation. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine
Penner, L.A. (2004). Volunteerism and social problems: Making things better or worse? Journal of Social Issues, 60(3), 645–666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00377.x
Penner, L.A., Dovidio, J.F., Piliavin, J.A., Schroeder, D.A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 365–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141
Piliavin, J.A., Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., Clark, R.D. (1981). Emergency intervention. Academic Press.
Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L. (2010). The relation of perceived and received social support to mental health among first responders: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3), 403–417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20371
Pulińska, U. (2012). Psychospołeczne uwarunkowania podejmowania działalności wolontariackiej. Warmińsko-Mazurski Kwartalnik Naukowy, Nauki Społeczne, 2, 23–40.
Shye, S. (2010). The motivation to volunteer: A systemic quality of life theory. Social Indicators Research, 98, 183–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9545-3
Stevens, G.J., Sharma, A., Skeoch, K. (2022). Help-seeking attitudes and behaviours among humanitarian aid workers. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 7(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-022-00126-x
Szcześniak, M., Nieznańska, A.A. (2009). Co się stanie, gdy mi pomożesz? Spojrzenie międzykulturowe na wzajemność pośrednią. Psychologia Społeczna, 4(12), 214–227.
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
Turpin, G., Barley, V., Beail, N., Scaife, J., Slade, P., Smith, J.A., Walsh, S. (1997). Standards for research projects involving qualitative methods: Suggested guidelines for trainees and courses. Clinical Psychology Forum, 108, 3–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1997.1.108.3
Young, T.K.H., Pakenham, K.I., Norwood, M.F. (2018). Thematic analysis of aid workers’ stressors and coping strategies: Work, psychological, lifestyle and social dimensions. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 3(1), artykuł 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0046-3
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Agnieszka Sternak, Paweł Przewłoka
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.