Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyse the actions taken by the Yugoslav press against the Catholic Church. The beginning of this campaign may be dated from the middle of January 1952. During the meeting of the Executive Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito decided the break diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The press campaign focused mostly on Croatia and Slovenia, the republics with the majority of the Catholic population. The Catholic church was presented as an anti-Yugoslav factor, and the Yugoslav Catholic hierarchy and its leaders, including a head of the church, Croatian bishop Alojzije Stepinac were accused of being collaborators of the fascist regimes from the war period. On the other hand, the press avoided attacks on lower rank priests, hoping to convince them to join the pro-government associations.
References
Źródła archiwalne
Arhiv Jugoslavije, zespół nr 144 (Savezna komisija za verska pitanja).
Opracowania
Akmadža M., Biskupi, komunisti i svećenička udruženja, Zagreb–Sarajevo 2018.
Akmadža M., Katolička crkva u komunističkoj Hrvatskoj 1945–1980, Zagreb–Slavonski Brod 2013.
Akmadža M., Riječju i djelom, Zagreb 2019.
Akmadža M., Uzroci prekida diplomatskih odnosa između Vatikana i Jugoslavije 1952. godine, „Croatica Christiana Periodica” 2003, nr 52, s. 171–202; https://hrcak.srce.hr/11909 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Alexander S., Church and state in Yugoslavia since 1945, London 1979.
Alexander S., The Triple myth: a life of archbishop Stepinac, Boulder 1987.
Buchenau K., What went wrong? Church–State relations in socialist Yugoslavia, „Nationalities Papers” 2005, t. 33, nr 4, s. 547–567.
Dedijer V., Josip Broz Tito. Prilozi za biografiju, Beograd 1953.
Dimitrijević B., Intelligence and security services in Tito’s Yugoslavia 1944–1966, „Istorija 20. veka” 2019, nr 2, s. 9–28.
Dimitrijević B., Kontraobaveštajna služba jna na području Hrvatske 1944–1968., [w:] Jugoslavija između ujedinjenja i razlaza. Hrvatsko-srpski odnosi u kontekstu društvenoj razvoja dve Jugoslavije 1918–1991., red. B. Dimitrijević, M. Jareb, Beograd 2018, s. 141–160.
Jandrić B., Položaj katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj u poslijeratnim godinama (1945.–1953.), „Croatica Christiana Periodica” 1998, nr 42, s. 49–62, https://hrcak.srce.hr/109301 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Janjić J., Srpska crkva u komunizmu i postkomunizmu (1945–2000), Beograd 2018.
Lučić I., Komunistički progoni katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini 1945–1990., „National Security and the Future” 2008, nr 3(9), s. 41–71, https://hrcak.srce.hr/30691 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Maticka M., Zakonski propisi o vlasničkim odnosima u Jugoslaviji (1944–1948), „Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu” 1992, t. 25, nr 1, s. 123–148, https://hrcak.srce.hr/51101 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Nikolić K., Mač revolucije: OZNA u Jugoslaviji 1944–1946, Beograd 2014.
Ninčević M. M., Diplomatski odnosi Vatikana i Kraljevine Jugoslavije: konkordat iz 1935. godine, “Nova prisutnost” 2016, nr 14 (2), s. 299–307.
Radić R., Država i verske zajednice 1945–1970, t. 1, Beograd 2002. [Радић R., Држава и верске заједнице 1945–1970., t. 1, Београд 2002].
Sovilj M., Činnost slovenské menšiny v Jugoslávii proti Slovenskému státu v letech 1939–1941: Příspěvek k jugoslávsko-slovenským vztahům na začátku druhé světové války, [w:] Človek, spoločnosť, doba. Stretnutie mladých historikov III, red. Z. Tokárová, M. Pekár, Košicie 2014, s. 183–196.
Spehnjak K., Uloga novina u oblikovanju javnog mnijenja u Hrvatskoj 1945.–1952., „Časopis za suvremenu povijest” 1993, nr 25(2¬3), s. 165–181, https://hrcak.srce.hr/210124 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Spehnjak, K., Tito’s visit to Great Britain in 1953, „Review of Croatian History” 2005, nr 1(1), s. 273–294, https://hrcak.srce.hr/22500 [dostęp: 10.08.2021].
Tondi A., Vatikan und Neofaschismus, Berlin 1959.
Tondi A., Władza tajemna Towarzystwa Jezusowego, Warszawa 1953.
Velikonja V., Separation & political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, College Station 2003.
Vukman P., The British Foreign Office on the situation of the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia, 1951–53, „Chronica” 2009, t. 9–10, s. 203–212.
Wawryszuk P., Działalność Państwowej/Związkowej Komisji ds. Wyznań w Jugosławii w latach 1945–1971, „Dzieje Najnowsze” 2018, nr 4, s. 79–95.
Wawryszuk P., Jugosławia, [w:] Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja. Rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, red. A. Paczkowski, Gdańsk 2016, s. 97–129.
Zacharias M., Komunizm, federacja, nacjonalizmy: system władzy w Jugosławii 1943–1991: powstanie, przekształcenia, rozkład, Warszawa 2004.
Zečević M., Popović J., Dokumenti iz istorije Jugoslavije: Državna komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njegovih pomagača iz drugog svetskog rata, t. 2, Beograd 1998.
Žutić N., Nadbiskup Stepinac. Ideologija i politika 1934–1946, Beograd 2017.
Prasa
„Borba”
„Dnevnik”
„Hrvatska riječ”
„Jednota”
„Kmečki glas”
„Ljudska pravica”
„Medjunarodna politika”
„Mladina”
„Narodni list”
„Naši razgledi”
„Nova Makedonija”
„Oslobodjenje”
„Politika”
„Primorske novice”
„Riječki list”
„Slobodna Dalmacija”
„Slobodna Vojvodina”
„Slovenski poročevalac”
„Vjesnik”
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)