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Gałuszka , D. (2020). What can digital games teach us about (dominant) masculinity?. Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja, 17(1), 435–465. Pobrano z https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/kse/article/view/26608
Abstrakt
Digital games are a medium of constantly growing socio-cultural significance, which strengthens and expands their potential to influence players. Participation in digital games, however, is indirect and thus accomplished through an avatar – a hero, an object or a more abstract structure that allows the player to impose his will in the game world. At the same time, male avatars embody a specific type of masculinity, symbolically affecting the user. This mutual interaction can be of particular importance in shaping the ideas and views around one’s masculinity or its patterns in the cultural and social dimension. In this sense, players learn from games how to be a man. This article constitutes an attempt at capturing the leading types of masculinity among the main protagonists of the most popular digital games. The study shows that many popular games reproduce the stereotypical narratives of dominant masculinity as understood by Zbyszko Melosik. The article contains an attempt at indicating the reasons for this state of affairs and the possible consequences for the players.
Bibliografia
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Adams E. (2009), Fundamentals of Game Design, San Francisco.
American Psychological Association (2018), APA guidelines for psychological practice with boys and men, http://www.apa.org/about/policy/psychological-practice-boys-men-guidelines.pdf, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Falstein N. (2009), Include structures that adapt to player needs, [in:] C. Bateman (ed.), Beyond Game Design: Nine Steps Toward Creating Better Videogames, Boston, MA, pp. 213–234.
Blackburn G., Scharrer E. (2019), Video game playing and beliefs about masculinity among male and female emerging adults, Sex Roles, no. 80, pp. 310–324.
Bourdieu P., Wacquant L. J. D. (2001). Zaproszenie do socjologii refleksyjnej. Warszawa.
Bourdieu P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge.
Buhl M. (2019), Cosplays and cosplayers: A global phenomenon in a local context, [in:] A. Sparrman (ed.), Making Culture: Children’s and Young People’s Leisure Cultures, Gøteborg, pp. 33–46.
Burrows L. (2013), Women remain outsiders in video game industry, https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/01/27/women-remain-outsiders-video-game-industry/275JKqy3rFylT7Txg-PmO3K/story.html, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Carlton D. (2019), Brothers: a tale of two sons, https://malvasiabianca.org/archives/2019/03/brothersa-tale-of-two-sons/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Cielecka M. (2013), Partner, rywal, niewolnik? O relacji gracza i jego awatara, HA!ART – Czas Nerdów” no. 43, pp. 78–81.
DeFleur M. L., Everette D. M. (1996), Understanding mass communication, Boston.
DiSalvo B. (2016), Gaming masculinity: Constructing masculinity with video games, [in:] Y.B. Kafai, G.T. Richard, Brendesha M., B.M. Tynes (eds.), Diversifying Barbie and Mortal Kombat: Intersectional Perspectives and Inclusive Designs in Gaming, Pittsburgh, pp. 105–117.
Dovey J., Kennedy H. (2011), Kultura gier komputerowych, Kraków.
de Four D. (2013), A Tale of Two Games (Part 2) Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, http://www.howmanly.com/manly-video-games/a-tale-of-two-games-part-2-brothers-a-tale-of-two-sons/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Elliott A. (2011), Współczesna teoria społeczna. Wprowadzenie, Warszawa.
Filiciak M. (2006), Wirtualny plac zabaw, Warszawa.
Gabbiadini A., Riva P., Andrighetto L., Volpato C., Bushman B.J. (2016), Acting like a Tough Guy: Violent-Sexist Video Games, Identification with Game Characters, Masculine Beliefs, & Empathy for Female Violence Victims, PLoS ONE, no. 11(4), p. e0152121.
Gałuszka D. (2018), Video games in the family context: How do digital media Influence the relationship between children and their parents?, [in:] A. Beniwal, R. Jain, K. Spracklen (eds.). Global Leisure and the Struggle for a Better World, Cham, pp. 161–183.
Gilbert M.A., Giaccardi S., Ward L.M. (2018), Contributions of game genre and masculinity ideologies to associations between video game play and men’s risk-taking behavior, Media Psychology no. 21(3), pp. 437–456.
Glasspool L. (2016). Making masculinity: Articulations of gender and Japaneseness in Japanese RPGs and machinima, [in:] A. Pulos, S. Lee (eds.). Transnational Contexts of Culture, Gender, Class, and Colonialism in Play. East Asian Popular Culture, Cham, pp. 99–126.
Hamilton J. (2019), Female Representation in Video Games: How Are We Doing? https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JoriHamilton/20190724/347246/Female_Representation_in_Video_Games_How_Are_We_Doing.php, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Jansz J. (2005), The emotional appeal of violent video games for adolescent males, Communication Theory, no. 15(3), pp. 219–241.
Jenkins H. (2006), Complete freedom of movement: video games as gendered play spaces, [in:] K. Salen, E. Zimmerman (eds.), The Game Design Reader A Rules of Play Anthology, London, pp. 330–363.
jmr/rg. (2018), Polish Gaming Industry Going From Strength To Strength, https://polandin.com/37097553/polish-gaming-industry-going-from-strength-to-strength, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Klimczuk A. (2010), Zastosowanie koncepcji kapitału społecznego w badaniach ludologicznych. Przykład branży gier komputerowych, Homo Ludens, no. 1/2, pp. 51–59.
Kłosiński M. (2018), Hermeneutyka gier wideo. Interpretacja, immersja, utopia, Olsztyn.
Kłosiński K. (2015), De(re)konstrukcja męskości, Teksty Drugie, no. 2, pp. 11–29.
Kłoskowska A. (2006), Teoria socjologiczna Pierre’a Bourdieu. Wstęp do wydania polskiego, [in:] P. Bourdieu, J-C. Passeron, Reprodukcja. Elementy teorii systemu nauczania, Warszawa.
Konecki K., Chomczyński P. (2012), Słownik socjologii jakościowej, Warszawa.
KPT. (2019), Polish Gamers Research 2019. Number of Polish gamers by platforms, https://polishgamers.com/pgr/polish-gamers-research-2019/the-demographical-profile-of-polish-gamers/number-of-polish-gamers-by-platforms/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Kubiński P. (2016), Gry wideo. Zarys poetyki, Kraków.
Kwieciński Z. (1998), Wizja przyszłości a zmiany w edukacji, [in:] W. Strykowski (ed.), Media a edukacja, Poznań, pp. 17–24.
Lanier L. (2019), Steam Now Has One Billion Accounts (And 90 Million Active Users), https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/steam-one-billion-accounts-1203201159/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Lo C. (2016), How RimWorld’s Code Defines Strict Gender Roles, https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/02/rimworld-code-analysis/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
MacDonald K. (2020), Not So White, Male and Straight: The Video Games Industry Is Changing, https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/feb/19/video-games-industry-diversity-women-people-of-colour, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Mańkowski P. (2010), Cyfrowe marzenia: Historia gier komputerowych i wideo, Warszawa.
Melosik Z. (2010), Tożsamość, ciało i władza w kulturze instant, Kraków.
Menta A., Echevarria G. (2018), How Indie Developers Are Bringing Diversity To Video Games, https://
www.newsweek.com/how-indie-developers-are-bringing-diversity-video-games-798435, accessed:
2.04.2020.
Paćkowski D. (2020), CD Projekt największą spółką na warszawskiej giełdzie, https://www.stockwatch.
pl/wiadomosci/cd-projekt-najwieksza-spolka-na-warszawskiej-gieldzie,akcje,260370,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Packwood D. (2018), The Era of White Male Games for White Male Gamers Is Ending, https://qz.com/1433085/
the-era-of-white-male-games-for-white-male-gamers-is-ending/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Polcyn S. (2018), Ewolucja czasu wolnego na przestrzeni dziejów. Gry komputerowe jako współczesna
forma wolnoczasowa, Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38, pp. 187–200.
Sarkeesian A. (2019), Female Representation in Videogames Isn’t Getting Any Better, https://www.
wired.com/story/e3-2019-female-representation-videogames/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Shaw A. (2012), Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity, New Media
& Society, no. 14(1), pp. 28–44.
Skucha M. (2012), Męskości nowoczesne? Wiek XIX, Wielogłos, no. 1(11), pp. 7–20.
Stuart K. (2020), Will the Success of The Witcher Herald a Golden Age of Game-to-TV Adaptations?
https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/jan/23/success-the-witcher-golden-age-game-tvadaptations,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Suwada K. (2017), Męskości opiekuńcze. Zaangażowanie w ojcostwo a rekonstrukcja modeli męskości,
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica, no. 18(2), pp. 77–90.
Sylvia Z., King T.K., Morse B.J. (2014), Virtual ideals: The effect of video game play on male body
image, Computers in Human Behavior, no. 37, pp. 183–188.
Szpunar M. (2012), Nowe-stare medium. Internet między tworzeniem nowych modeli komunikacyjnych
a reprodukowaniem schematów komunikowania masowego, Warszawa.
Vanderhoef J. (2013), Casual threats: The feminization of casual video games, Ada: A Journal of
Gender, New Media, and Technology, https://adanewmedia.org/2013/06/issue2-vanderhoef/,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Waddell T.F., Ivory J.D., Conde R., Long C., McDonnell R. (2014), White man’s virtual world: A systematic
content analysis of gender and race in massively multiplayer online games, Journal For
Virtual Worlds Research, no. 7(2), pp. 1–14.
Wijman T. (2019), The Global Games Market Will Generate $152.1 Billion in 2019 as the U.S. Overtakes
China as the Biggest Market, https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/the-global-games-market-
will-generate-152-1-billion-in-2019-as-the-u-s-overtakes-china-as-the-biggest-market/,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Williams D., Martins N., Consalvo M., Ivory J.D. (2009), The virtual census: Representations of gender,
race and age in video games, New Media & Society, no. 11(5), pp. 815–834.
Adams E. (2009), Fundamentals of Game Design, San Francisco.
American Psychological Association (2018), APA guidelines for psychological practice with boys and men, http://www.apa.org/about/policy/psychological-practice-boys-men-guidelines.pdf, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Falstein N. (2009), Include structures that adapt to player needs, [in:] C. Bateman (ed.), Beyond Game Design: Nine Steps Toward Creating Better Videogames, Boston, MA, pp. 213–234.
Blackburn G., Scharrer E. (2019), Video game playing and beliefs about masculinity among male and female emerging adults, Sex Roles, no. 80, pp. 310–324.
Bourdieu P., Wacquant L. J. D. (2001). Zaproszenie do socjologii refleksyjnej. Warszawa.
Bourdieu P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge.
Buhl M. (2019), Cosplays and cosplayers: A global phenomenon in a local context, [in:] A. Sparrman (ed.), Making Culture: Children’s and Young People’s Leisure Cultures, Gøteborg, pp. 33–46.
Burrows L. (2013), Women remain outsiders in video game industry, https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/01/27/women-remain-outsiders-video-game-industry/275JKqy3rFylT7Txg-PmO3K/story.html, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Carlton D. (2019), Brothers: a tale of two sons, https://malvasiabianca.org/archives/2019/03/brothersa-tale-of-two-sons/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Cielecka M. (2013), Partner, rywal, niewolnik? O relacji gracza i jego awatara, HA!ART – Czas Nerdów” no. 43, pp. 78–81.
DeFleur M. L., Everette D. M. (1996), Understanding mass communication, Boston.
DiSalvo B. (2016), Gaming masculinity: Constructing masculinity with video games, [in:] Y.B. Kafai, G.T. Richard, Brendesha M., B.M. Tynes (eds.), Diversifying Barbie and Mortal Kombat: Intersectional Perspectives and Inclusive Designs in Gaming, Pittsburgh, pp. 105–117.
Dovey J., Kennedy H. (2011), Kultura gier komputerowych, Kraków.
de Four D. (2013), A Tale of Two Games (Part 2) Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, http://www.howmanly.com/manly-video-games/a-tale-of-two-games-part-2-brothers-a-tale-of-two-sons/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Elliott A. (2011), Współczesna teoria społeczna. Wprowadzenie, Warszawa.
Filiciak M. (2006), Wirtualny plac zabaw, Warszawa.
Gabbiadini A., Riva P., Andrighetto L., Volpato C., Bushman B.J. (2016), Acting like a Tough Guy: Violent-Sexist Video Games, Identification with Game Characters, Masculine Beliefs, & Empathy for Female Violence Victims, PLoS ONE, no. 11(4), p. e0152121.
Gałuszka D. (2018), Video games in the family context: How do digital media Influence the relationship between children and their parents?, [in:] A. Beniwal, R. Jain, K. Spracklen (eds.). Global Leisure and the Struggle for a Better World, Cham, pp. 161–183.
Gilbert M.A., Giaccardi S., Ward L.M. (2018), Contributions of game genre and masculinity ideologies to associations between video game play and men’s risk-taking behavior, Media Psychology no. 21(3), pp. 437–456.
Glasspool L. (2016). Making masculinity: Articulations of gender and Japaneseness in Japanese RPGs and machinima, [in:] A. Pulos, S. Lee (eds.). Transnational Contexts of Culture, Gender, Class, and Colonialism in Play. East Asian Popular Culture, Cham, pp. 99–126.
Hamilton J. (2019), Female Representation in Video Games: How Are We Doing? https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JoriHamilton/20190724/347246/Female_Representation_in_Video_Games_How_Are_We_Doing.php, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Jansz J. (2005), The emotional appeal of violent video games for adolescent males, Communication Theory, no. 15(3), pp. 219–241.
Jenkins H. (2006), Complete freedom of movement: video games as gendered play spaces, [in:] K. Salen, E. Zimmerman (eds.), The Game Design Reader A Rules of Play Anthology, London, pp. 330–363.
jmr/rg. (2018), Polish Gaming Industry Going From Strength To Strength, https://polandin.com/37097553/polish-gaming-industry-going-from-strength-to-strength, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Klimczuk A. (2010), Zastosowanie koncepcji kapitału społecznego w badaniach ludologicznych. Przykład branży gier komputerowych, Homo Ludens, no. 1/2, pp. 51–59.
Kłosiński M. (2018), Hermeneutyka gier wideo. Interpretacja, immersja, utopia, Olsztyn.
Kłosiński K. (2015), De(re)konstrukcja męskości, Teksty Drugie, no. 2, pp. 11–29.
Kłoskowska A. (2006), Teoria socjologiczna Pierre’a Bourdieu. Wstęp do wydania polskiego, [in:] P. Bourdieu, J-C. Passeron, Reprodukcja. Elementy teorii systemu nauczania, Warszawa.
Konecki K., Chomczyński P. (2012), Słownik socjologii jakościowej, Warszawa.
KPT. (2019), Polish Gamers Research 2019. Number of Polish gamers by platforms, https://polishgamers.com/pgr/polish-gamers-research-2019/the-demographical-profile-of-polish-gamers/number-of-polish-gamers-by-platforms/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Kubiński P. (2016), Gry wideo. Zarys poetyki, Kraków.
Kwieciński Z. (1998), Wizja przyszłości a zmiany w edukacji, [in:] W. Strykowski (ed.), Media a edukacja, Poznań, pp. 17–24.
Lanier L. (2019), Steam Now Has One Billion Accounts (And 90 Million Active Users), https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/steam-one-billion-accounts-1203201159/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Lo C. (2016), How RimWorld’s Code Defines Strict Gender Roles, https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/02/rimworld-code-analysis/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
MacDonald K. (2020), Not So White, Male and Straight: The Video Games Industry Is Changing, https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/feb/19/video-games-industry-diversity-women-people-of-colour, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Mańkowski P. (2010), Cyfrowe marzenia: Historia gier komputerowych i wideo, Warszawa.
Melosik Z. (2010), Tożsamość, ciało i władza w kulturze instant, Kraków.
Menta A., Echevarria G. (2018), How Indie Developers Are Bringing Diversity To Video Games, https://
www.newsweek.com/how-indie-developers-are-bringing-diversity-video-games-798435, accessed:
2.04.2020.
Paćkowski D. (2020), CD Projekt największą spółką na warszawskiej giełdzie, https://www.stockwatch.
pl/wiadomosci/cd-projekt-najwieksza-spolka-na-warszawskiej-gieldzie,akcje,260370,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Packwood D. (2018), The Era of White Male Games for White Male Gamers Is Ending, https://qz.com/1433085/
the-era-of-white-male-games-for-white-male-gamers-is-ending/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Polcyn S. (2018), Ewolucja czasu wolnego na przestrzeni dziejów. Gry komputerowe jako współczesna
forma wolnoczasowa, Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38, pp. 187–200.
Sarkeesian A. (2019), Female Representation in Videogames Isn’t Getting Any Better, https://www.
wired.com/story/e3-2019-female-representation-videogames/, accessed: 2.04.2020.
Shaw A. (2012), Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity, New Media
& Society, no. 14(1), pp. 28–44.
Skucha M. (2012), Męskości nowoczesne? Wiek XIX, Wielogłos, no. 1(11), pp. 7–20.
Stuart K. (2020), Will the Success of The Witcher Herald a Golden Age of Game-to-TV Adaptations?
https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/jan/23/success-the-witcher-golden-age-game-tvadaptations,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Suwada K. (2017), Męskości opiekuńcze. Zaangażowanie w ojcostwo a rekonstrukcja modeli męskości,
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica, no. 18(2), pp. 77–90.
Sylvia Z., King T.K., Morse B.J. (2014), Virtual ideals: The effect of video game play on male body
image, Computers in Human Behavior, no. 37, pp. 183–188.
Szpunar M. (2012), Nowe-stare medium. Internet między tworzeniem nowych modeli komunikacyjnych
a reprodukowaniem schematów komunikowania masowego, Warszawa.
Vanderhoef J. (2013), Casual threats: The feminization of casual video games, Ada: A Journal of
Gender, New Media, and Technology, https://adanewmedia.org/2013/06/issue2-vanderhoef/,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Waddell T.F., Ivory J.D., Conde R., Long C., McDonnell R. (2014), White man’s virtual world: A systematic
content analysis of gender and race in massively multiplayer online games, Journal For
Virtual Worlds Research, no. 7(2), pp. 1–14.
Wijman T. (2019), The Global Games Market Will Generate $152.1 Billion in 2019 as the U.S. Overtakes
China as the Biggest Market, https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/the-global-games-market-
will-generate-152-1-billion-in-2019-as-the-u-s-overtakes-china-as-the-biggest-market/,
accessed: 2.04.2020.
Williams D., Martins N., Consalvo M., Ivory J.D. (2009), The virtual census: Representations of gender,
race and age in video games, New Media & Society, no. 11(5), pp. 815–834.
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2020 Damian Gałuszka
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.