Abstract
This study examines the relationship between psychological flexibility and attitudes, perceptions, and feelings towards individuals with disabilities and towards integrating people with disabilities in society. This integrated study, presented here, is a stage in a broader study that examined the relationship between psychological flexibility, educational elements, and various components that take part in shaping and assimilating perceptions and attitudes towards disabilities. The study presented here was conducted in two parts: The first part included data collection and quantitative analysis from 153 adult subjects to understand the statistical relationship between psychological resilience and attitudes toward disability. The second part included integrated data collection and analysis, quantitative and qualitative, from 60 respondents, 30 children, and 30 adults, to deepen our understanding regarding the correlations between psychological flexibility and the approach towards disabilities and the understanding of components that affect the correlation. The study shows a positive correlation between psychological flexibility and an attitude towards disabilities, and contributes to deepening the understanding of components that have different effects on this relationship.
References
Anthony, W.A. (1972). Societal rehabilitation: Changing society's attitudes toward the physically and mentally disabled. Rehabilitation Psychology, 19(3), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0090877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0090877
Antonak, R.F., & Livneh, H. (1988). The Measurement of Attitudes toward People with Disabilities: Methods, Psychometrics and Scales. Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
Bandura, A., & Simon, K.M. (1977). The role of proximal intentions in self-regulation of refractory behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(3), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186792
Berger, P.L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality. Anchor.
Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H.K., & Zettle, R.D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
Burke, K., & Moore, S. (2015). Development of the Parental Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(4), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0495-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0495-x
Chubon, R.A. (1992). Attitudes Toward Disability: Addressing Fundamentals of Attitude Theory and Research in Rehabilitation Education. Rehabilitation Education, 6, 301-312.
Corrigan, P.W., Markowitz, F.E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M.A. (2003). An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, June, 162-179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1519806
Dahl, J. (2009). ACT and Health Conditions. In: J.T. Blackledge, J. Ciarrochi, & F.P. Deane (eds.), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Contemporary Theory Research and Practice (p. 119-149). Australian Academic Press.
Daruwalla, P., & Darcy, S. (2005). Personal and societal attitudes to disability. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 549-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.008
Endres, J.E. (1979). Fear of Death and Attitudinal Dispositions Toward Physical Disability. Doctoral dissertation. University of South Carolina. University microfilm, 825, 79-111.
English, R.W. (1971). Combatting Stigma Towards Physically Disabled Persons. Rehabilitation Research and Practice Review, 2(4), 19-27.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766
Fine, J.A. (1978). Castration Anxiety and Self Concept of Physically Normal Children as Related to Perceptual Awareness of Attitudes toward Physical Deviance. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, New York University.
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R., & Baumeister, R. (2005). Parenting Behaviour and Adolescent Behavioural and Emotional Problems: The Role of Self-Control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333
Gergen, K.J. (1986). Correspondence versus autonomy in the language of understanding human action. Metatheory in Social Science, 136-162. https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&context=fac-psychology
Gergen, K., & Gergen, M. (1986). Social Psychology (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7866-6_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7866-6_1
Geva, A. (2014). Consumer Behavior. Raanana: The Open University, Israel. [Hebrew].
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on a Spoiled Identity. Jenkins, J.H. & Carpenter.
Greco, L.A., Murrell, A.R., & Coyne, L.W. (2005). Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth. Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Psychology University of Missouri, St. Louis.
Halperin, E., Elad-Stranger, Y., & Andvolt, K. (2016). Attitudes Towards People with Disabilities in 20 Selected Cities in Israel. IDC Publication. [Hebrew].
Hayes, S.A., Orsillo, S.M., & Roemer, L. (2010). Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action During an acceptance-based Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(3), 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.006
Hayes, S.C., Luoma, J.B., Bond, F.W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., & Wilson, K.G. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Hayes, S.C., & Wilson, K.G. (2003). Mindfulness: Method and Process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg018
Hebb, D.O. (1946). On the Nature of Fear. Psychology Review, 53, 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061690
Heider, F. (1944). Social perception and phenomenal causality. Psychological Review, 51(6), 358-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055425
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1037/10628-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10628-000
Jones, N., & Corrigan, P.W. (2014). Understanding Stigma. In: P.W. Corrigan, (ed.), The Stigma of Disease and Disability: Understanding Causes and Overcoming Injustices (p. 9-34). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14297-002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14297-002
Kassin, S.M. (2005). On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk? American Psychologist, 60(3), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.215
Krahé, B., & Altwasser, C. (2006). Changing Negative Attitudes Towards Persons with Physical Disabilities: An Experimental Intervention. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.849
Lee, T., & Rodda, M. (1994). Modification of Attitudes Toward People with Disabilities. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 7(4), 229-238.
Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2009). Social construction of reality. In: S.W. Littlejohn, K.A. Foss (eds.), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications.
Leviton, D. (1975). Education for death, or death becomes less a stranger. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 6(3), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.2190/6YEC-7LT5-NJKP-HQP0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/6YEC-7LT5-NJKP-HQP0
Livneh, H. (1980). Disability and monstrosity: Further comments. Rehabilitation Literature, 41(11-12), 280-283.
Livneh, H. (1982). On the origins of negative attitudes towards people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Literature, 43, 338-347.
Livneh, H. (2012). On the origins of negative attitudes toward people with disabilities. The Psychological and Social Impact of Physical Disability, supra note, 70.
Marom, S., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Moore, N., Myers, J. (2011). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults Therapeutic Principles. Dyunon Publication. [Hebrew].
Moilanen, K.L. (2007). The Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory: The Development and Validation of a Questionnaire of Short-Term and Long-Term Self-Regulation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(6), 835-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9107-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9107-9
Regev, M. (2006). Cultural Capital. In: A. Ram, & N. Berkowitz (eds.), Inequality (133-139). BenGurion University Press. [Hebrew].
Reynolds, L.T., & Herman-Kinney, N.J. (2003). Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism. Alta Mira Press.
Roessler, R., & Bolton, B. (1987). The Employability Maturity Interview: Reliability and construct validity. Vocational Evaluation & Work Adjustment Bulletin, 20(2), 53-59.
Rolffs, J.L., Rogge, R.D., & Wilson, K.G. (2016). Disentangling Components of Flexibility via the Hexaflex Model Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116645905
Rolffs, J.L., Rogge, R.D., & Wilson, K.G. (2018). Disentangling Components of Flexibility Via the Hexaflex Model: Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). Assessment, 25(4), 458-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116645905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116645905
Safilios-Rothschild, C. (1970). The Sociology and Social Psychology of Disability and Rehabilitation. Random House.
Schilder, P. (1935). The Image and Appearance of the Human Body. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
Sigerist, F.G. (1964). The Gray Ladies of the American Red Cross. International Review of the Red Cross Archive, 4(36), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400013589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400013589
Siller, J. (1964). Reactions to Physical Disability by the Disabled and the Non-disabled. American Psychologist, Research Bulletin, 7, 27-36.
Siller, J., Chapman, A., Ferguson, L., & Vann, D.H. (1967). Attitudes of the Nondisabled Toward the Physically Disabled. Studies in Reactions to Disability: XI. New York University, School of Education.
Tal, A. (2013). Stigma Among Employers towards People with Disabilities in General and Psychiatric Disabilities in Particular: Review and Discussion of Existing Legislation. The Israeli Ministry of Industry publication. [Hebrew].
Triandis, H.C. (1971). Attitude and Attitude Change. Wiley Foundations of Social Psychology Series.
Whiteman, M., & Lukoff, I.F. (1965). Attitudes Toward Blindness and Other Physical Individuals with disabilities. Journal of Social Psychology, 66, 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1965.9919629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1965.9919629
Wright, B.A. (1960). Physical Disability: A Psychological Approach. Harper and Bon. https://doi.org/10.1037/10038-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10038-000
Wright, B.A. (1980). Developing a Constructive View of Life with a Disability. Rehabilitation Literature, 41, 274-279.
Yamamoto, K. (1970). Healthy students in the college environment. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 48(10), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1970.tb03289.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1970.tb03289.x
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Hila Fuchs
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.