Abstrakt
The article focuses on animations as artistic forms that can be classified as part of the cultural resistance repertoire strongly present during the protests in Iran following the death of Mahsa Jina Amini in September 2022. Two collections of short animated films are analysed – Mehran Sanei’s Instagram Onimations and the digital archive – Archive of Defiance, curated by Shahrzad Mojab and Afsaneh Hojabri. Symbolic communication, represented by both collections, is an integral element of any revolution. The aims of the article are to analyse the techniques, forms and specific features of animations used in creating artistic works for political purposes, to determine the function of animation as a form of protest communication, to define the role of both collections in resistance communication, and finally, to define the essence of social media action in transnational activism and in creating international support groups.
Bibliografia
Awad Sarah H., Wagoner Brady, Protest Symbol, „Current Opinion in Psychology” 2020, nr 35, s. 98–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.007
Axworthy Michael, Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
Barzegar Lila, Persepolis & Orientalism: A Critique of the Reception History of Satrapi’s Memoir, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 2012.
Bennett W. Lance, Segerberg Alexandra, The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198752
Bennett W. Lance, Segerberg Alexandra, The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics, „Information, Communication & Society” 2012, nr 15(5), s. 739–768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661
Buchanan Suzanne, Introduction: Pervasive Animation, [w:] Pervasive Animation, red. Suzanne Buchanan, New York 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203152577
Cammaerts Bart, Social Media and Activism, [w:] The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society, red. Robin Mansell, Peng Hwa Ang, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 2015, s. 1027–1034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118767771.wbiedcs083
Casas Andreu, Williams Nora Webb, Images that Matter: Online Protests and the Mobilizing Role of Pictures, „Political Research Quarterly” 2018, s. 360–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918786805
Castañeda Ernesto, The Indignados and Occupy Movements as Political Challenges to Representative Democracy: A Replay to Ekhlund, [w:] Protest: Analyzing Current Trends, red. Matthew Johnson, Samid Suliman, Routledge, New York, 2015, s. 236–243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2014.926736
Castells Manuel, Sieci oburzenia i nadziei. Ruchy społeczne w erze Internetu, tłum. Olga Siara, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2013.
Chesta Riccardo E., Z. Lefkofridi Zoe, Symbolic Gestures in Contemporary Protest Movement, [w:] Throwing Gestures: Protest, Economy and the Imperceptible, red. Florian Bettel, Irina Kaldrack, Konrad Strutz, Verlag für Moderne Kunst GmbH, Vienna 2021, s. 161–182.
Christensen Christian, Iran: Networked Dissent?, CounterPunch, 2.07.2009, https://www.counterpunch.org/2009/07/02/iran-networked-dissent/ (dostęp 20.02.2024).
Coretti Lorenzo, Pica Daniele, Facebook’s Communication Protocols, Algorithmic Filters, and Protest. A Critical Socio-technical Perspective, [w:] Social Media, Materialities, and Protest: Critical Reflections, red. Mette Mortensen, Christina Neumayer, Thomas Poell, Routledge, London 2018, s. 81–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315107066-6
Van Dijck José, Poell Thomas, Understanding Social Media Logic, „Media and Communication” 2013, nr 1(1), s. 2–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v1i1.70
Doerr Nicole, Mattoni Alice, Teune Simon, Visuals in Social Movements, [w:] The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements, red. Donatella della Porta, Mario Diani, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015, s. 557–566.
Dytman-Stasieńko Agnieszka, Mobile Infoactivism – Development, Typology, Technological Context, „Studia Kulturoznawcze” 2017, nr 3, s. 47–64.
Etter Michael, Albu Oana Brindusa, Activists in the Dark: Social Media Algorithms and Collective Action in Two Social Movement Organizations, „Organization” 2021, nr 28(1), s. 68–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961532
Farahani Golshifteh, “Woman, Life, Freedom” in Iran – and What It Means for the Rest of the World, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnm1njnBvDA (dostęp: 20.09.2023).
Gerbaudo Paul, Tweets and Streets. Social Media and Contemporary Activism, Pluto Press, London 2012.
Gheytanchi Elham, Symbol, Signs and Slogans of the Demostration in Iran, [w:] Media, Power and Politics in the Digital Age: The 2009 Presidential Election Uprising in Iran, red. Yahya R. Kamalipour, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc., New York – Oxford 2010, s. 251–264.
Ghorbankarimi Maryam, The Key Frames: Milestones in the Institutional History of Animation in Iran, [w:] Animation in the Middle East: Practice and Aesthetics from Baghdad to Casablanca, red. Stefanie van der Peer, Bloomsburry Publishing, London – New York, 2017, s. 51–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350985322.ch-002
Goodman Conor, How Iranians See Persepolis, The Irish Times, 2.05.2008, https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/how-iranians-see-persepolis-1.919658 (dostęp: 29.02.2024).
Hart Fuchsia, Something in Me Sparked’: The Iranian Women Using Art to Protest, The Guardian, 3.10.2022, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/oct/03/something-sparked-iranian-women-art-protest-mahsa-amini (dostęp:
18.09.2023).
Herhuth Eric, Political Animation and Propaganda, [w:] The Animation Studies Reader, red. Nichola Dobson, Annabelle Honess Roe, Amy Ratelle, Caroline Ruddell, Bloomsbury, New York 2019, s. 169–179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501332647.ch-014
Honeycutt Kirk, Animation Gives Iranian Politics a Personal Edge, Reuters, 9.08.2007, https://www.fashionnetwork.com/news/Animation-gives-iranian-politics-a-personal-edge,40715.html (dostęp: 17.09.2023).
How Anonymous Artist Built a Visual Language of Resistance during Iran’s Woman Life Freedom Uprising, Ajam. Media Collective, 19.09.2023, https://ajammc.com/2023/09/19/iranian-art-resistance-uprising/ (dostęp: 22.09.2023)
Howard Philip N., Hussain Muzammil, Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936953.001.0001
Interview Ali Soozandeh (TEHRAN TABOO), „La Semaine de la Critique”, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xHRX8L57Co (dostęp: 24.09.2023).
Juris Jeffrey, Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation, „American Ethnologist. Journal of America Ethnological Society” 2012, nr 39(2), s. 259–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.x
Kaun Anne, Kyriakidou Marie, Uldam Julie, Political Agency at the Digital Crossroads?, „Media and Communication” 2016, nr 4(4), s. 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.690
Kavada Anastasia, Social Movements and Political Agency in the Digital Age: A Communication Approach, „Media and Communication” 2016, nr 4(4), s. 8–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.691
Leistert Oliver, From Protest to Surveillance – The Political Rationality of Mobile Media; Modalities of Neoliberalism, Peter Lang Verlag, Berlin 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03268-0
Leistert Oliver, The Revolution Will Not Be Liked: On the Systemic Coinstraints of Corporate Social Media Platforms and Protests, [w:] Critical Perspectives on Social Media and Protest: Between Control and Emancipation, red. Lina Dencik, Oliver Leistert, Rowman & Littlefield, London – New York 2015, s. 35–52.
Lesjak David, Service with Character: The Disney Studios and World War II, Theme Park Press, 2014.
Mazza Viviana, Iran, l’attore in esilio Ashkan Khatibi: “Ho lasciato tutto. Le strade unica risposta al regime, svegliamoci, Corriere della Sera, 1.08.2023, https://www.corriere.it/esteri/23_agosto_01/attore-iraniano-khatibi-regime-esilio-9a99564e-307a-11ee-be8f-d655ad8e3c5e.shtml (dostęp: 22.09.2023).
McGarry Aidan et al., Introduction, [w:] The Aesthetics of Global Protest: Visual Culture and Communication, red. Aidan McGarry et al., Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2019, s. 15–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048544509-004
Milan Stefania, From Social Movements to Cloud Protesting: The Evolution of Collective Identity, „Information, Communication and Society” 2015, nr 18(8), s. 887–900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043135
Milan Stefania, Mobilizing in Times of Social Media: From a Politics of Identity to a Politics of Visibility, [w:] Critical Perspectives on Social Media and Protest: Between Control and Em, red. Lina Dencik, Oliver Leistert, Rowman & Littlefield, London – New York 2015, s. 53–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2880402
Milan Stefania, When Algorithms Shape Collective Action: Social Media and the Dynamics of Cloud Protesting, „Social Media + Society”, 31.12.2015, s. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115622481
Mirzoeff Nicholas, How to See the world, Pelcan, Londyn 2015.
Morozov Evgeny, Iran: Downside to the “Twitter Revolution”, „Dissent” 2009, nr 56, s. 10–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dss.0.0092
Mróz Michał, Amerykański film animowany w wojennej potrzebie, „Kwartalnik Filmowy” 2016, nr 93–94, s. 53–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36744/kf.2189
Murthy Dhiraj, Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age, Polity Press, Cambridge 2013.
Najdi Youhanna, Gholami Niloofar, Deedar Omid, Neufeld Dialika, Jina Mahsa Amini: The face of Iran’s protests, Deutsche Welle, 12.06.2022, https://www.dw.com/en/jina-mahsa-amini-the-face-of-irans-protests/a-64007550 (dostęp 28.09.2023).
Neumayer Christina, Stald Gitte, The Mobile Phone in Street Protest: Texting, Tweeting, Tracking, and Trcing, „Mobile Media and Communication” 2014, nr 2(2), s. 117–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913513255
Nikolov Matey, Why Animation Is a Powerful Medium for Cultural Resistance, Waging Nonviolence, 4.02.2022, https://wagingnonviolence.org/2022/02/why-animation-is-a-powerful-medium-for-cultural-resistance/ (dostęp: 17.09.2023).
Peña-Lopez Ismael, Congosto Mariluz, Aragón Pablo, Spanish Indignados and the Evolution of 15M: Towards Networked Para-Institution, [w:] Big Data. Challenges and Opportunities, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the Internet, Law & Politics, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Barcelona, 25–26.06.2012, s. 359–386, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287653607.pdf (28.02.1024).
Pervasive Animation, red. S. Buchanan, New York 2013.
della Porta Donatella, Mattoni Alice, Social Networking Sites in Pro-democracy and Anti-austerity Protests, [w]: Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, red. Daniel Trottier, Christian Fuchs, Routledge, New York 2015, s. 39–66.
Propaganda, Ideology, Animation. Twisted Dreams of History, red. Olga Bobrowska, Michał Bobrowski, Bogusław Zmudziński, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 2019.
Prosperi Gabriele, Digital Communication in a GIF Culture: The Graphic Interchange Format as a Behavioral Crossroad of Contemporary Paradigms, [w:] Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication, red. Betül Önay Dogan, Derya Gül Ünlü, IGI Global 2019, s. 268–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6998-5.ch013
Protests in Iran 1979–2023, The Iran Primet, 30.05.2023, https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/dec/05/fact-sheet-protests-iran-1999-2019-0 (dostęp: 10.09.2023).
Rainie Lee, Wellman Barry, Networked: The New Social Operating System, The MIT Press, Cambridge 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8358.001.0001
Reinerth Maike Sarah, Philippi Anna-Sophie, #AnimationMatters, 11.10.2021, https://blog.animationstudies.org/?p=4162 (dostęp: 23.02.2024).
Reyna Rachel, Mehran Sanei’s “Onimations”: Advocacy Through Art, Academy Art U News, 31.01.2024, https://artunews.com/2024/01/31/mehran-saneis-onimations-advocacy-through-art/ (dostęp: 29.02.2024).
Rezaei Roghayeh, “Archive of Defiance”: A Compilation of Iranian Protest Art, IranWire, 26.05.2023, https://iranwire.com/en/society/116930-archive-of-defiance-a-compilation-of-iranian-protest-art/#google_vignette (dostęp: 20.09.2023).
Ristola Jacqueline, Recreating Reality: Waltz With Bashir, Persepolis, and the Documentary Genre, „Animation Studies Online Journal. Society for Animation Studies” 2016, nr 11.
Sanei Mehran, The Story behind Onimations, FrikiFish, 28.02.2023, https://frikifish.com/the-story-behind-onimations/ (dostęp: 19.09.2023).
Sayfo Omar, Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation, [w:] The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East, red. Joe F. Khalil, Gholam Khiabany, Tourya Guaaybess, Bilge Yesil, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2023, s. 286–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119637134.ch24
Semati Mehdi, Media Technologies and Politics in Iran, [w:] The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East, red. Joe F. Khalil, Gholam Khiabany, Tourya Guaaybess, Bilge Yesil, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2023, s. 382–395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119637134.ch31
Sreberny-Mohammadi Annabelle, Mohammadi Ali, Small Media, Big Revolution: Communication, Culture, and the Iranian Revolution, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1994.
The Life of an Iranian Child Bride: An Animation by Marjan Farsad, Center for Human Rights in Iran, 30.08.2021, https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/08/the-life-of-an-iranian-child-bride-an-animation-by-marjan-farsad/ (dostęp: 15.09.2023).
The symbolism of cut hair in Iranian protest posters, Graphéine, 16.01.2023, https://www.grapheine.com/en/graphic-design-en/symbolism-cut-hair-iranian-protest-posters (dostęp: 15.09.2023).
Tremayne Mark, Anatomy of Protest in the Digital Era: A Network Analysis of Twitter and Occupy Wall Street, „Social Movement Studies” 2014, nr 13(1), s. 110–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.830969
Tufekci Zaynep, Wilson Christopher, Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square, „Journal of Communication” 2012, nr 62(2), s. 363–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
Uhlin Graig, Playing in the Gif(t) Economy, „Games in Culture” 2014, nr 6, s. 517–527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412014549805
Vaziri Katayoun, How Anonymous Artists Built a Visual Language of Resistance During Iran’s Woman Life Freedom Uprising, Ajam Media Collective, 19.09.2023, https://ajammc.com/2023/09/19/iranian-art-resistance-uprising/ (dostęp: 22.09.2023).
Wells Paul, Understanding Animation, Routledge, New York 1998.
Wells Paul, Moore Samantha, The Fundamentals of Animation, Bloomsbury, London 2005.
Zahed Ramin, Mehran Sanei’s Animated Shorts Raise Awareness of the Fight for Freedom in Iran, Animation Magazine, 22.02.2023, https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/02/mehran-saneis-animated-shorts-raise-awareness-of-the-fight-for-freedom-in-iran/ (dostęp: 22.09.2023).
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Agnieszka Dytman-Stasieńko
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.