Słowa kluczowe
indigenous digital culture
indigenous video games
decolonization
Ojibwe
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The article is aimed at presentation of the case study in video games creation by Indigenous auteur and designer, Elizabeth LaPensée, which at the same time demonstrates how video games can both mediatize the process of re-writing history and decolonize popular imagination. The analysis of LaPensée’s three games: Invaders, Thunderbird Strikes, and When the Rivers Were Trails to some extent follows her own strategies of self-identification as Anishinabee (Ojibwe). Drawing upon reconfiguration of the auteur theory and the framework of ludostylistics by Astrid Ensslin, we also strive to demonstrate how the notion of a singular author is in fact grounded in collective and collaborative qualities of indigenous digital culture, including digital game design.
Bibliografia
Aarseth E., Playing research: methodological approaches to game analysis, [in:] Game Approaches/Spil-Veje. Papers from Spilforskning.Dk Conference, ed. B.K. Walther, Aalborg 2004, pp. 28–29, <http://www.bendevane.com/VTA2012/herrstubbz/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/02.GameApproaches2.pdf>, accessed: 2.01.2021
Barthes R., The death of the author, [in:] R. Barthes, Image, Music, Text, trans. S. Heath, London 1977, pp. 3–8.
Bazile J., L’Histoire à traverser. Regards vidéoludiques sur l’histoire de la Martinique dans Mewilo et Freedom de Muriel Tramis, [in:] Chemins de Traverse en fiction.
Colloque interdisciplinaire de jeunes chercheureuses, École normale supérieure (ENS), Paris 2017, pp. 177–190
Bigelow B., On the road to cultural bias: A critique of The Oregon Trail CD-ROM, “Language Arts” 1997, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 84–93
Bogost I., Persuasive Games: The expressive power of video games, Cambridge 2007
Bordwell D., Making Meaning: Inference and rhetoric in the interpretation of cinema, Cambridge – London 1989
Brown L.B. (ed.), Two Spirit People: American Indian, lesbian women and gay men, New York 1997
Brydon D., Re-writing The Tempest, “World Literature Written in English” 1984, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 75–88, DOI: 10.1080/17449858408588811
CBC Radio, Thunderbird Strike: Controversial video game takes aim at oil industry, “CBC” 2017, November 3, <https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/from-video-games-to-ya-novels-how-indigenous-art-is-evolving-1.4384041/thunderbird-strike-controversial-video-game-takes-aim-at-oil-industry-1.4384559>, accessed: 1.01.2021
CCS Working Group 2020, Week 2: Indigenous Programming (by J. Corbett, O. Laiti, J.E. Lewis, D. Temkin, available (upon login) at: <http://wg20.criticalcodestudies.com/index.php?p=/discussion/70/week-2-indigenous-programming-main-thread#latest>, accessed: 28.12.2020
Chang A.Y., Une Vie Bien Jouée/A Life Well Played: The cultural legacy of game designer Muriel Tramis, “Feminist Media Histories” 2020, no. 1, pp. 147–162. DOI: 10.1525/fmh.2020.6.1.147
Consalvo M., Console video games and global corporations, “New Media & Society” 2006, no. 1, pp. 117–133, DOI: 10.1177/1461444806059921
Dim Bulb Games, Where the Water Tastes Like Wine, Windows, Good Shepherd Entertainment, 2018
Dunbar-Ortiz R., An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, Boston 2014
Dyer-Witheford N., De Peuter G., Games of Empire: Global capitalism and video games, Minneapolis 2009
Elias B. et al., Trauma and Suicide Behaviour Histories among a Canadian Indigenous Population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada’s residential school system, “Social Science & Medicine” 2012, vol. 74, no. 10, pp. 1560–1569, DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.026
Ensslin A., Literary Gaming, Cambridge – London 2014
Eskelinen M., The gaming situation, “Game Studies” 2001, vol. 1, no. 1, <http://www.gamestudies.org/0101/eskelinen/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Fellows M., Razack S., “The race to innocence: confronting hierarchical relations among women”, “Journal of Gender, Race & Justice”, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 335–352, <https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/274>, accessed: 3.01.2021
Fernández-Vara C., Introduction to Game Analysis, New York – London 2015 Foucault M., Authorship: what is an author?†, “Screen” 1979, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 13–34, DOI: 10.1093/screen/20.1.13
Government of Canada, The Daily — Oil and Gas Extraction, 2017, “StatCan” 2018, September 24, <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180924/dq180924d-eng.htm>, accessed: 2.01.2021
Grace L., Space Invaders at 40: What the game says about the 1970s – and today, “The Independent” 2018, June 21, <https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/space-invaders-game-1970s-a8405886.html>, accessed: 1.01.2021
indianlandtenure, When Rivers Were Trails by Indianlandtenure, itch.io, accessed: March 8, 2020, <https://indianlandtenure.itch.io/when-rivers-were-trails>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Jacobs S.-E., Thomas W., Lang S. (eds.), Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality, Chicago 1997
Jancer M., How you wound up playing The Oregon Trail in computer class, “Smithsonian Magazine” 2016, July 22, <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-you-wound-playing-em-oregon-trailem-computer-class-180959851/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Jankowski F., “Méwilo” i „Freedom” Muriel Tramis jako pierwsze gry postkolonialne” [in:] Ksenologie, eds. K. Olkusz, K.M. Maj, Kraków 2018, pp. 473–485
Jenkins H., Game design as narrative, “Computer” 2004, vol. 44, no. 53, pp. 118–130
Juul J., Games telling stories? A brief note on games and narratives, “Game Studies” 2001, vol. 1, no. 1, <http://www.gamestudies.org/0101/juul-gts/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Kijewska-Trembecka M., Québec i Québécois: ideologie dążeń niepodległościowych, Kraków 2007
Konzack L., Computer game criticism: A method for computer game analysis, [in:] Video Games and Gaming Culture, ed. M.J.P. Wolf, New York – London 2016
LaPensée E., Invaders, Linux, Survivance, 2015
LaPensée E., Survivance: An Indigenous Social Impact Game, Burnaby 2014, <http://web.archive.org/web/20200308205719/https://summit.sfu.ca/item/13984>, accessed: 3.01.2021
LaPensée E., Thunderbird strike, [in:] Learning, Education & Games, vol. 3: 100
Games to Use in the Classroom & Beyond, ed. K. Schrier, Pittsburgh 2019, pp. 447–453
LaPensée E., When Rivers Were Trails, Linux, Indian Land Tenure Foundation, Michigan State University’s GEL Lab, 2019
LaPensée E., Emmons N., Indigenizing education with the game When Rivers Were Trails, “Amerikastudien” 2019, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 75–93, DOI: 10.33675/AMST/2019/1/8
LaPensée E., Lewis J.E., Call it a vision quest: Machinima in a first nations context, [in:] Understanding Machinima: Essays on Filmmaking in Virtual Worlds, ed. J. Ng, New York – London 2013, pp. 187–206
Laiti O., Ethnoprogramming: An Indigenous Approach to Computer Programming: A Case Study in Ohcejohka Area Comprehensive Schools, unpublished Master thesis, University of Lapland, 2016, <https://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/62624>, accessed: 2.01.2021
Laplantine F., Nouss A., Le métissage: un exposé pour comprendre, un essai pour réfléchir, Paris 1997, http://classes.bnf.fr/actes/8/laplantine.pdf>, accessed: 2.01.2021
Lewis J.E., Arista N., Pechawis A., Kite S., Making Kin with the machines, “Journal of Design and Science” 2018, July 16, DOI: 10.21428/bfafd97b
Lokting B., The long journey to reveal the Oregon trail’s racist history, “Narratively” 2017, October 11, <https://narratively.com/long-journey-reveal-oregon-trails-racist-history/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Loomba A., Colonialism, Postcolonialism, London 1998
Majkowski T., Języki gropowieści. Studia o różnojęzyczności gier cyfrowych, Kraków 2019
Marino M.C., Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods, Cambridge 2020
Mawhinney J.L., Giving Up the Ghost: Disrupting the (Re)Production of White Privilege in Anti-Racist Pedagogy and Organizational Change, unpublished Master thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto 1998, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/12096>, accessed: 3.01.2021
Miller J.R., Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A history of Indian–White relations in Canada, Toronto – Buffalo 2000
Milloy J.S., McCallum M.J., A National Crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system, Winnipeg 2017
Minnesota Senate Republicans, Sen. David Osmek: MN Taxpayers should not be funding angry birds for eco-terrorists, “Minnesota Senate Republicans” (blog), 2017, October 26, <https://www.mnsenaterepublicans.com/sen-david-osmek-mn-taxpayers-not-funding-angry-birds-eco-terrorists/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Mukherjee S., Video Games and Storytelling: Reading games and playing books, London 2015
Mukherjee S., Videogames and Postcolonialism. New York 2017
Nishikado T., Space Invaders, Arcade, Taito, 1978
Powell Ch. Peristerakis J., Genocide in Canada: A relational view, [in:] Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America, eds. A.J. Woolford, J. Benvenuto, A.L. Hinton, Durham 2014, pp. 70–92
Rawitsch D., Heinemann B., Dillenberger P., The Oregon Trail, Multiple platforms, MECC, 1971
Ridon J.-X., Littérature-Monde, or redefining exotic literature?, [in:] Transnational French Studies: Postcolonialism and Littérature-Monde, eds. A.G. Hargreaves, C. Forsdick, D. Murphy, Liverpool 2010, pp. 195–208
Sheppard M., Mayo J.B., New social learning from two spirit native Americans, “The Journal of Social Studies Research” 2012, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 263–282
Sheppard M.,, Mayo J.B., The social construction of gender and sexuality: learning from two spirit traditions, “The Social Studies” 2013, vol. 104, no. 6, pp. 259–270, DOI: 10.1080/00377996.2013.788472
Sicart M., Against procedurality, “Game Studies” 2011, vol. 11, no. 3, <http://gamestudies.org/1103/articles/sicart>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Slater K., Who gets to die of dysentery?: Ideology, geography, and The Oregon Trail, Children’s “Literature Association Quarterly” 2017, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 374–395, DOI: 10.1353/chq.2017.0040
Stannard D.E., American Holocaust: The conquest of the new world, New York 1993
Staszenko, D., “Lollipop Chainsaw Goichiego Sudy i problem autorstwa w medium gier wideo,” Homo Ludens, 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 153–162
Strużyna A., Artystyczne gry Anny Anthropy, “Homo Ludens” 2014, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 187–198
Šisler V., Digital Arabs: representation in video games, “European Journal of Cultural Studies” 2008, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 203–220, DOI: 10.1177/1367549407088333
Toumson R., Mythologie du métissage, [in:] Francophonie et identités culturelles, ed. C. Albert, Paris 1999, pp. 241–246
Tramis M., Chamoiseau P., Freedom, Amiga, Coktel Vision, 1988
Tramis M., Chamoiseau P., Méwilo, Atari ST, Coktel Vision, 1987
Trudel M., The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663, Toronto 1973
Tuck E., Wayne Yang K., Decolonization is not a metaphor, “Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society” 2012, vol. 1, <https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18630>, accessed: 3.01.2021
Vazquez S., Where the water tastes like wine sells far below expectations, according to creator, “Game Informer” 2018, March 31, <https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2018/03/31/where-the-water-tastes-like-wine-sells-far-below-expectations-according-to-creator.aspx>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Vullierme J.-L., Miroir de l’Occident: Le nazisme et la civilisation occidentale, Paris 2014
Wolfe P., Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native, “Journal of Genocide Research” 2006, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 387–409, DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240
Zimmerman E., “Eric Zimmerman’s Response.” Electronic Book Review (blog), August 1, 2004, <https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/eric-zimmermans-response/>, accessed: 1.01.2021
Licencja
Autorzy
Autorzy tekstów przyjętych do publikacji w czasopiśmie IMAGES są zobowiązani do wypełnienia, podpisania i odesłania na adres redakcji umowy o udzielenie nieodpłatnej licencji do utworów, z zobowiązaniem do udzielania sublicencji CC.
Zgodnie z umową, autorzy tekstów opublikowanych w czasopiśmie IMAGES udzielają Uniwersytetowi im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu niewyłącznej i nieodpłatnej licencji oraz zezwalą na użycie sublicencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Autorzy zachowują prawa do dalszego, swobodnego rozporządzania utworem.
Autorzy, którzy wykorzystują w swoim tekście cudze utwory (np. ilustracje, fotografie) proszeni są o dostarczenie do redakcji czasopisma zgodę na publikację od uprawnionych podmiotów.
Użytkownicy
Zainteresowani użytkownicy internetu uprawnieni są do korzystania z utworów opublikowanych po 2015 roku IMAGES tylko w calach niekomercyjnych, pod następującymi warunkami:
- uznanie autorstwa - obowiązek podania wraz z rozpowszechnionym utworem, informacji, o autorstwie, tytule, źródle (odnośniki do oryginalnego utworu, DOI) oraz samej licencji;
- bez tworzenia utworów zależnych - utwór musi być zachowany w oryginalnej postaci, nie można bez zgody twórcy rozpowszechniać np. tłumaczeń, opracowań.
Do wszystkich tekstów opublikowanych przed 2015 r. prawa autorskie są zastrzeżone.
Inne
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu zachowuje prawo do czasopisma jako całości (układ, forma graficzna, tytuł, projekt okładki, logo itp.).