Abstract
The aim of the article is to identify the problem of land and soil degradation and to recognise the need to counteract these processes as a challenge for the law and policy. The importance of this issue and its connection with the globalisation of food systems (especially the need to consider the interdependencies existing between the aspects of globalisation of food systems and land degradation) has been highlighted and the state of protection of soil and land under international and European Union law described. Given the global effects of land degradation and land scarcity and the fact that regional and local land use decisions are heavily dependent on geographically distant factors, legal instruments to combat land and soil degradation that are local or regional in nature may not be sufficient. Hence the need for action through instruments of international environmental law.
References
Aksoy E. i in. (2017), Assessing and analysing the impact of land take pressures on arable land, „Solid Earth” nr 8 (3).
Blaikie P., Brookfield H. (1987), Land Degradation and Society, London.
Bodansky D. (2010), The art and craft of international environmental law, Cambridge, Mass.
Boer B. (2010), Law for Sustainable Soils: International and National Aspects, „Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society” nr 4.
Boer B., Hannam I. (2003), Legal aspects of sustainable soils: International and national, „Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law” nr 12(2).
Bojarski P. (2006), Dualizm prawnej ochrony ziemi, w: H. Lisicka (red.), Prawo i polityka w ochronie środowiska. Studia z okazji 40-lecia pracy naukowej J. Sommera, Wrocław.
Bommarco R., Kleijn D., Potts S.G. (2013), Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security, „Trends in Ecology & Evolution” nr 28(4).
Bruckner M. i in. (2015), Measuring telecouplings in the global land system: a review and comparative evaluation of land footprint accounting methods, „Ecological Economics” nr 114.
Chasek P. i in. (2015), Operationalizing Zero Net Land Degradation: The next stage in international efforts to combat desertification?, „Journal of Arid Environments” nr 112.
Czepiel P. (2011), Problematyka prawna ochrony powierzchni ziemi jako medium środowiskowego, „Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego” część I: nr 1, część II: nr 2.
Erechemla A. (2010), Czy będzie dyrektywa dotycząca ochrony gleby?. „Ochrona Środowiska. Prawo i Polityka” nr 2.
Feldman Y., Perez O. (2009), How law changes the environmental mind: An experimental study of the effect of legal norms on moral perceptions and civic enforcement, „Journal of Law and Society” nr 36(4).
Foley J.A. i in. (2005), Global consequences of land use, „Science” nr 309(5734).
Fromherz N.A. (2012), The Case for a Global Treaty on Soil Conservation, Sustainable Farming, and the Preservation of Agrarian Culture, „Ecology Law Quarterly” nr 57.
Garmestani A.S., Craig R.A., Benson M.H. (2013), Can law foster social-ecological resilience?, „Ecology and Society, nr 18(2).
Geist H.J., Lambin E.F. (2004), Dynamic causal patterns of desertification, „Bioscience” nr 54.
Gomiero T. (2016), Soil degradation, land scarcity and food security: Reviewing a complex challenge, „Sustainability” nr 8(3).
Górski M. (2009), Prawna ochrona powierzchni ziemi i odpowiedzialność za szkody wyrządzone w powierzchni ziemi, „Geologia” nr 35.
Güneralp B., Seto K.C., Ramachandran M. (2013), Evidence of urban land teleconnections and impacts on hinterlands, „Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability” nr 5.
Haber W. (2007), Energy, food, and land - the ecological traps of humankind, „Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International" nr 14(6).
Hartemink A.E. (2016), The definition of soil since the early 1800s, „Advances in Agronomy” nr 137.
Jerzmański J. (2015) Nowe zasady ochrony powierzchni ziemi, „Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica” nr 2.
Karakurt I., Aydin G., Aydiner K. (2012), Sources and mitigation of methane emissions by sectors: A critical review, „Renewable Energy” nr 39.
Kenig-Witkowska M. (2011), Międzynarodowe prawo środowiska, Warszawa.
Kim R.E., Mackey B. (2014), International environmental law as a complex adaptive system, „International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics” nr 1.
Koch A. i in. (2013), Soil security: solving the global soil crisis, „Global Policy” nr 4(4).
Król M.A. (1994) Europejskie systemy prawa ochrony ziemi a polskie rozwiązania prawne, „Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne” t. L.
Król M.A. (1998), Regulacje prawne ekologicznych podstaw ochrony powierzchni ziemi, w: S. Prutis (red.), Polskie prawo rolne u progu Unii Europejskiej, Białystok.
Lal R. (2015), Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation, „Sustainability” nr 7(50).
Lambin E.F., Meyfroidt P. (2011), Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” nr 108(9).
Lelieveld J. i in. (2015), The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale, „Nature” nr 525.
Meyfroidt P., Rudel T.K., Lambin E.F. (2010), Forest transitions, trade, and the global displacement of land use, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA” nr 107.
Montanarella L. i in. (2016), World’s soils are under threat, „Soil” nr 2(1).
Nowak A. (2016) Ochrona gleb w prawie wspólnotowym – w kontekście projektu Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady ustanawiającej ramy dla ochrony gleb oraz zmieniającej dyrektywę 2004/35/WE, „Studia Iuridica” nr 61.
Odegard I.Y.R., Voet E. van der (2014), The future of food – scenarios and the effect on natural resource use in agriculture in 2050, „Ecological Economics” nr 97.
Oldeman L.R. (1992), Global extent of soil degradation. Biannual Report 1991–1992, International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen.
Pinstrup-Andersen P., Pandya-Lorch R. (1998), Food security and sustainable use of natural resources: a 2020 vision, „Ecological Economics” nr 26.
Rockström J. i in. (2009), Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity, „Ecology and society” nr 14(2).
Rockström J. i in. (2009), A safe operating space for humanity, „Nature” nr 461(24).
Seto K.C. (2012), Urban land teleconnections and sustainability, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" nr 109.
Steen-Olsen K. i in. (2012), Carbon, land, and water footprint accounts for the European Union: consumption, production, and displacements through international trade, „Environmental Science & Technology” nr 46(20).
Stringer L.C. (2008), Reviewing the international year of deserts and Desertification 2006: What contribution towards combating global desertification and implementing the united nations convention to combat desertification?, „Journal of Arid Environments” nr 72(11).
Tilman D. i in. (2001), Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change, „Science” nr 292.
Tokgoz S., Laborde D. (2014), Indirect land use change debate: what did we learn?, „Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports” nr 1(3).
Warner J.X. i in. (2017), Increased atmospheric ammonia over the world's major agricultural areas detected from space, „Geophysical Research Letters” nr 44.
Weinzettel J. i in. (2013), Affluence drives the global displacement of land use, „Global Environmental Change” nr 23(2).
West P.C. i in. (2014), Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment, „Science” nr 345(6194).
Wyatt A.M. (2008), The dirt on international environmental law regarding soils: is the existing regime adequate, „Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum” nr 19.
Zanella M.A. i in. (2015), Discussion: Food security and sustainable food systems: The role of soil, „International Soil and Water Conservation Research” nr 3(2).
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Justyna Goździewicz-Biechońska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.