Abstract
Middle Assyrian Laws (MAL) are a Mesopotamian law collection created approximately in the 12th century BC in Assur (now Qal’at Sherqat in Iraqi Kurdistan). The text contains a Polish translation and a commentary concerning the first tablet of this collection, MAL A (VAT 10000 = KAV 001). Tablet MAL A (also known as Frauenspiegel) consists of laws concerning women, and women in it are either perpetrators or victims of crimes. This document offers a unique insight into contemporary Middle Assyrian and Mesopotamian societies as it covers a wide range of issues like theft, assault, adultery and rape, homosexuality, marriage, and family law.
References
Assante J., The kar.kid/ḫarimtu, Prostitute or Single Woman? A Reconsideration of the Evidence, „Ugarit-Forschungen” 1998, nr 30, s. 5–96.
Barjamovic G., Extraction and Inequality in Middle Bronze Age Anatolia [w:] J. Mynářova, S. Alivernini (red.), Economic Complexity in the Ancient Near East. Management of Resources and Taxation, Prague 2020, s. 87–126.
Borger R., Akkadische Rechtsbücher. Die mittelassyrischen Gesetze: Rechtsbücher [w:] R. Borger, H. Lutzmann, W. H. Ph. Römer, E. Von Schuler (red.), Rechts-und Wirtschaftsurkunden. Historisch-chronologische Texte, Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments 1, Gütersloh 1982, s. 80–92.
Bottéro J., Antiquités assyro-babyloniennes, „Annuaires de l’École pratique des hautes études. 4e section, Sciences historiques et philologiques” 1966–1967, s. 81–106.
Cardascia G., Les lois assyriennes, Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient 2, Paris 1969.
Cooper J. S., Buddies in Babylonia: Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and Mesopotamian Homosexuality [w:] T. Abusch (red.), Riches Hidden in Secret Places, Winona Lake, IN 2002, s. 73–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4wn.11
Dassow E. Von, Mittani and Its Empire [w:] K. Radner, N. Moeller, Daniel T. Potts (red.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, t. III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford 2022, s. 453–528.
Driver G. R., Miles J. C., The Assyrian Laws, Ancient Codes and Laws of the Near East, Oxford 1935.
Goodnick Westenholz J., recenzja Sophie Lafont, Femmes, Droit et Justice dans l’Antiquité orientale: Contribution à l’étude du droit pénal au Proche-Orient ancien, „Journal of Near Eastern Studies” 2003, t. 62, nr 2, s. 155–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/376390
Jakob S., Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period [w:] E. Frahm (red.), A Companion to Assyria, Hoboken, NJ 2017, s. 141–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325216.ch7
Lafont S., Femmes, Droit et Justice dans l’Antiquité orientale: Contribution à l’étude du droit pénal au Proche-Orient ancien, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 165, Göttingen 1999.
Lafont S., Fief et féodalité dans le Proche-Orient ancien [w:] E. Boumazel, J.-P. Poly (red.), Les féodalités, Paris 1998, s. 517–630.
Lafont S., Mesopotamia: Middle Assyrian Period [w:] R. Westbrook (red.), A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section One: The Near and Middle East 71/2, Leiden 2003, s. 521–563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047402091_013
Lambert W. G., Tukulti-Ninurta I and the Assyrian King List, „Iraq” 1976, t. 38, nr 2, s. 85–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4200032
Llop J., MARV 6, 2 und die Eponymenfolgen des 12. Jahrhunderts, „Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie” 2008, t. 98, nr 1, s. 20–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ZA.2008.003
Luukko M., Buylaere G. Van, Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria [w:] E. Frahm (red.), A Companion to Assyria, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, Hoboken, NJ 2017, s. 311–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325216.ch17
Machinist P., Assyrians on Assyria in the First Millennium B.C [w:] K. A. Raaflaub (red.), Anfänge politischen Denkens in der Antike: Die nahöstlichen Kulturen und die Griechen, Berlin 1993, s. 77–104.
Marti L., Proposition pour le § 9 des Lois Assyriennes, „N.A.B.U.” 2004, nr 2, s. 31–32.
May N. N., Gates and Their Functions in Mesopotamia and Ancient Israel [w:] N. N. May, U. Steinert (red.), The Fabric of Cities: Aspects of Urbanism, Urban Topography and Society in Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 68, Leiden 2014, s. 77–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004262348_004
Mayer W. R., Akkadische Lexikographie: CAD U and W,The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, „Orientalia” 2012, t. 81, nr 1, s. 95–104.
Mikołajczak T., Prawa Ur-Nammy, „Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne” 2021, t. 73, z. 2, s. 9–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/cph.2021.2.1
Otto E., Körperverletzung oder Verletzung von Besitzrechten? Zur Redaktion von Ex 22,15 f. im Bundesbuch und §§ 55; 56 im Mittelassyrischen Kodex der Tafel A, „Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft” 1993, t. 105, nr 2, s. 153–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1993.105.2.153
Otto E., Rechtsgeschichte der Mittelassyrischen Gesetze (KAV 1) [w:] E. Otto, Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte, BZAR 8, Wiesbaden 2008, s. 192–310.
Pedersén O., Archives and Libraries in the City of Assur: A Survey of the Material from the German Excavations, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Studia Semitica Upsaliensia 8, Uppsala 1986.
Peled I., Gender and Sex Crimes in the Ancient Near East: Law and Custom [w:] I. Peled (red.), Structures of Power: Law and Gender across the Ancient Near East and Beyond, Oriental Institute Seminars 12, Chicago 2017, s. 27–40.
Peled I., Law and Gender in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible, London 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429352867
Postgate J. N., Assyrian Texts and Fragments, „Iraq” 1973, t. 35, nr 1, s. 13–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4199949
Postgate J. N., Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria, Cambridge 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107338937
Ries G., Kuppelei [w:] D. O. Edzard (red.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie, t. 6, Berlin 1983.
Roth M. T., Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Writings from the Ancient World no 6, Altanta, GA 1995.
Roth M. T., Marriage, Divorce, and the Prostitute in Ancient Mesopotamia [w:] Ch.A. Faraon, L. K. Mcclure (red.), Prostitutes and courtesans in the Ancient World, Madison, WI 2006, s. 21–39.
Roth M. T., Women and Law [w:] Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook, M. W. Chavalas (red.), Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World, London 2012, s. 144–174.
Saporetti C., Le leggi medioassire, Data Sets: Cuneiform Texts 2, Malibu 1979.
Schroeder O., Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen inhalts, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 35, Leipzig 1920.
Scurlock J. A., Andersen B. R., Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine: Ancient Sources, Translations, and Modern Medical Analyses, Urbana 2005.
Stol M., Women in the Ancient Near East, Berlin 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614512639
Toorn K. Van Der, Magic at the Cradle: A Reassessment [w:] T. Abusch, K. Van Der Toorn (red.), Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives, Groningen 1999, s. 139–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004496293_013
Tyborowski W., Prawa Hammurabiego: Dīnāt mīšarim, Poznań 2019.
Weidner E., Das Alter der mittelassyrischen Gesetzestexte. Studien im Anschluss an Driver and Miles, The Assyrian Laws, „Archiv für Orientforschung” 1937, nr 12, s. 46–54.
Weidner E., Die Bibliothek Tiglatpilesers I, „Archiv für Orientforschung” 1952, nr 16, s. 197–215.
Westbrook R., Evidentiary Procedure in the Middle Assyrian Laws, „Journal of Cuneiform Studies” 2003, nr 55, s. 87–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3515956
Worthington M., Spellings and Linguistic Awareness in the Middle Assyrian Laws [w:] E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, J. Cale Johnson (red.), Encoding Metalinguistic Awareness: Ancient Mesopotamia and Beyond, Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 29, Gladbeck 2019, s. 137–160.
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Tytus Mikołajczak
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.